General Research Flashcards
(American Educational Research Association, 2011)
American Educational Research Association. (2011). AERA Code of Ethics: American Educational Research Association Approved by the AERA Council February 2011. Educational Researcher, 40(3), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11410403
Principles: Professional competence; integrity; professional, scientific and scholarly responsibility; respect for people’s rights, dignity, and diversity; social responsibility
Ethical Standards (22): scientific, scholarly, and professional standards; competence; use and misuse of expertise; fabrication, falsification, plagerism; avoiding harm; nondiscrimination; nonexploitation; harassment; employement decisions; conflicts of interest; public communications; confidentiality; informed consent; research planning, implementation, and dissemination; authorship credit; publication process; responsibilities of reviewers; teaching, training, and administering education programs; mentoring; supervision; contractual and consulting services; adherence to ethical standards of AERA
(Slife, 2009)
Slife, B. D. (2009). A Primer of the Values Implicit in Counseling Research Methods. Counseling and Values, 53(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2009.tb00110.x
research has implicit values, even if unrecognized
positivism values objecgtive, measurable for understanding reality
inevitably leaves out some things from view based on what is valued and de-valued
observables is the normative paradigm for research, but not the only alternative
many experiences which are not observable, i.e. religious/spiritual experiences
being value free is in itself a value, and based in particular outlook on world- that there is knowledge out there to be gained if we only can observe it
stems from dualism
all methods have values, this needs to be emphasized in all research
value-ladenenss of methods is seen in their selectivity, as no method takes into account all the world, and are necessary to make meaning of experiences/observations
Example: consumer reports have values in safety, should not get rid of that value, but rather have appropriate values
naturalism: assumptions include objectivism, materialism, reductionism, determinism, and secularism
objectivism- qual researchers see values and bias as inescapable but also necessary to understanding, bias against bias
Materialism- difficult to study things like attitudes emotions, memory as they can’t be observed; want to study love and use bhx hugs, but hugs (operationalized) can be given without love
Reductionism- reduced to unchangable laws of nature, repeatable, generalizable; may keep researchers from understanding many aspects of experience
Determinism- qual researchers see need for personal agency in meaning making, pattern is governed by a law and is out there to be discovered
secularism- removes possibility of divine influence from discussion
fact that there are values does not methods bad or discredit it as a knowledge gathering tool
the job should dictate the tools uses; rather than methods dictating questions asked
Heppner et al., 2015
Positivism: there is a real reality, dichotomous conclusions are possible, scientist is objective, use the scientific method, absolute truth can be uncovered, linear
Postpositivism: real reality but truth can never be fully known, complex systems, research is flawed, science has biases, still use scientific method, use inferences based on probability
Constructivism: no real reality or absolute truth, ideas about the world are constructed, constructions can only be understood via interactions (between investigator and world or participants), reliance upon hermeneutics, dialects, recursive
Critical theory: social constructions are shaped by power/oppressive forces, power structures embedded in society and meanings, those forces are embedded in investigator and participants, values are vital to inquiry, investigator and participant form relationship, constructions are refined based on interpretation, social action to emancipate from oppression, recursive
Heppner et al., 2015
Ethical principles: nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, justice, fidelity/veracity
informed consent, risks and benefits, confidentiality and privacy
Crotty, 1998
4 elements: epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology, methods
Epistemology: theory of knowing (ex. subjectivism, constructionism)
Theoretical perspective: philosophical stance grounding study (ex. positivism, interpretivism, critical inquiry, feminist, postmodern)
Methodology: strategy, process, and design behind choice of particular methods (Ex: experimental, ethnography, phenomenological, grounded theory, action research)
Methods: techniques or procedures to gather and analyze data (ex: interview, narrative, theme identification, content analysis, interpretive methods)
