General principles of Pharmacology Flashcards
Drugs
Any chemical which alters the organisms function or process
Pharmacology
The study of the interactions of drugs with the organism
RCP pharmacology
application of pharmacology to cardiopulmonary disease and critical care
Pharmacogenetics
The study of drugs, including their origins, properties, and interactions with living organisms.
Generic Name
-The name assigned to the chemical by the 9USAN) after the chemical appears to have a therapeutic use and manufactures wish to make the drug
-Also know as non- proprietary name -Examples: Albuterol (Acetaminophen)
-Trade Name
-Brand name given by a particular manufacture
-Also know as proprietary name -Example: Proventil, Ventolin, Pro-air (Tylenol)
-Sources of Drug Information
-USP-NF
-United states Pharmacopeia and national Formulary -Booking of standards containing information about meds, diets, supplements, medical devices -PDR -Physicians Desk Reference -U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Responsible for approving drugs for clinical use
-Phases of Drug Action
-3 Basic phases of drug action from the initial administration of a dose through the drugs ultimate effect on the body
Drug administration of pharmaceutical phase
Pharmacokinetic phase (What your body does to the drug)
Pharmacodynamic Phase (What the drug does to you)
-Drug Administration Phase
-Making the drug available to the body through disintegration and dissolution
-Dosage Form: The physical state of the drug. Is it a tablet or capsule? Is it an injectable solution?
-Route of administration: The portal of entry for the drug into the body. Could be Oral, inhaled, or injectable.
-Drug Forms
-Some examples of drug forms are:
-Tablet, capsules, or suppository -Solution, suspension (Drinks, or IVs) -Gas, aerosol -Patch, Paste -Powder, lotion
Route of Administration
-RoA are divided into 5 broad categories
-Enteral
-Parental
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
-Topical
-Enteral
(refers literally to the small intestine)
-Most common enteral route is by mouth (Oral) it is convenient, and painless. -Other enteral routes include suppositories inserted into the rectum, tablets placed under the tongue, and drugs solutions introduced through a gastric tube
-Parental
(refers literally to something other than intestine, however, its commonly referred to injected drugs.
-The most common types of injections include: -Intravenous (IV): Injected into the vein -Intramuscular(IM): injected deep into the skeletal muscle -Subcutaneous(SC): Injected into the subcutaneous tissue beneath the epidermis and the dermis. -Intrathecal(IT) is injected into the membrane of the spinal cord to diffuse throughout the spinal fluid. -Intraosseous(IO): Injected into the marrow of the bone
-Transdermal:
Formulated for application to the skin to produce a systemic effect
-The advantage of this route is that it can supply long term continuous delivery to the systemic circulation
-Inhalation
Drug can be given by inhalation for either a systemic effect or a local effect in the lungs
-Two of the most common drugs given by this route are gasses (anesthesia, systemic effect) and aerosolized agents ( targets lungs or respiratory tract, local effect) -Common devices for inhaled administration of drugs -Vaporizers (anesthetic drug) -Nebulizers: Small or large (most common aerosol producing device in respiratory care -Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) -Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) -Ultrasonic Nebulizer (USN)
-Topical administration
-A drug that is applied directly to the skin or mucus membrane to produce a local effect
-Powders, lotions, creams, are applied directly to the skin
-Nasal solutions, sublingual tablets, suppositories, are applied to the mucous membrane
-Pharmacokinetic phase
-Once a drug is made available, this phase begins
-Describes drug amount in the body over time
-Includes major factors controlling drug amount at any given moment in the body
-Pharmacokinetic phase -Absorption
to reach a given point in the body a drug must cross a number of cells
-Pharmacokinetic phase -Distribution
Drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream and direct throughout the body
-Pharmacokinetic phase -Metabolism and Elimination
-For many drugs taken orally or by other systemic routes, the liver is a major site of drug metabolism
-Excretion of the drug from the system occurs primarily through the kidneys (may also be excreted in the feces)
-Pharmacodynamic Phase
-The pharmacodynamic phase refers to the interaction of drug molecules with its target receptor sites.
-It is this interaction of molecules that ultimately answers the question of how a particular drug works.
-Therapeutic phase
-Represents the safety margin if a drug, the smaller the TI the greater the possibility of crossing from a therapeutic effect to a toxic effect
-LD50 (lethal dose)
-The dosage of a drug that would be lethal to 50% of a test population of animals
-ED50 ( Effective does)
the dosage of a drug that would be therapeutically effective for 50% of a test population
-The ratio of LD50 to ED50
is termed the therapeutic index (TI) LD50/ED50
-Therefore the therapeutic index indicates how close the effective dose is to the dose which is lethal for 50% of the test population
-Example: LD=50
ED=5 so 50/5 = 10 TI is 10
-The smaller the number the more lethal the dose
