General Physiology UNIT II Flashcards
the ability of living organisms to maintain a
stable and relatively constant internal
environment despite external changes.
HOMEOSTASIS
involves the regulation of various physiological variables, such as
temperature, pH, blood glucose levels, and ion concentrations, within a narrow and optimal range.
HOMEOSTASIS
Red eared slider turtle below 28C
MALE
Red eared slider turtle above 31C
FEMALE
There is a specific set point or target value for each regulated variable. This set point represents the ideal or optimal level of the variable.
SET POINT
Organisms have specialized sensors or receptors that continuously monitor the internal
conditions and detect any deviations from the set point.
SENSORS OR RECEPTOR
Control centers, often located in the
brain or other central nervous system
structures, receive and process information from the sensors.
CONTROL CENTER
are the organs, tissues, or cells that
carry out the control center’s commands.
EFFECTORS
Homeostasis is typically maintained through
feedback loops, which are self-regulating mechanisms.
FEEDBACK LOOPS
any deviation from the set point triggers a response that opposes or counteracts the deviation, bringing the variable back towards the set point.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
the response amplifies the initial
deviation from the set point, rather than opposing it.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Homeostasis is maintained through different control systems in our body, including feedback loops, hormones, and the nervous system.
CONTROL SYSTEM
One of the primary mechanisms feedback loop, where the body detects and responds to deviations from the set point to restore balance.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
In certain situations, this
feedback loops may occur, amplifying a response to achieve a specific outcome, such as blood clotting during injury.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
It ensures that
various systems work in harmony to support our overall health and well-being.
BALANCE AND STABILITY
Homeostasis enables our body to function optimally by regulating essential processes such as body temperature, blood pressure, pH levels, and nutrient levels.
OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING
Is a common disorder caused by the
body’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels effectively. It can lead to hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, affecting various organ systems.
DIABETES
occurs when the body fails to maintain normal blood pressure levels, leading to increased strain on the heart and blood vessels.
HYPERTENSION
is a condition where the thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient thyroid hormone, resulting in a slowdown of the body’s processes.
HYPOTHYROIDISM
is the opposite of hypothyroidism, characterized by an overactive
thyroid gland, causing a accelerated
metabolism and other symptoms.
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Factors like extreme Temperature, toxins, and stress can disrupt homeostasis by causing imbalances or interfering with the body’s control mechanism
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
Imbalances can also arise from internal factors such as hormonal imbalances, genetic disorder or organ dysfunction
INTERNAL CAUSES
Homeostasis operates in various systems throughout the human body.
- Maintaining body temperature
- regulating blood glucose levels
- controlling blood pH, and balancing water and electrolyte levels.
The development of stimuli as a result of physiological parameter deviations from the
normal value is the initial stage in the negative feedback loop
STIMULATION
The control unit receives changes in physiological parameters through a variety of receptors located throughout the body.
RECEPTION
The brain serves as the loop’s control unit, determining whether a change in a physiological parameter necessitates loop activation or inhibition.
PROCESSING
The control unit sends out signals at the end of the loop to cancel out
the impacts that cause changes in physiological variables.
COUNTERACT ON THE STIMULUS
allows blood surface area to be
exposed to cooler environment
VASOLIDATION
Temperature Regulation
2.Evaporative cooling and convection cooling
3. Drop in temperature
normal temperature is regained.
LESS CONVECTION
