General Physiology UNIT 1 Flashcards
is the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions and activities of
living organisms and their parts.
PHYSIOLOGY
It helps body to maintain a stable environment.
HOMEOSTASIS
3 main components of Homeostasis
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
EFFECTOR
Examines the functions of individual cells, including their metabolism,
energy production, and specialized processes such as cell division and signal transduction.
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
Focuses on understanding how specific organs work, their structures,
and the functions they perform. This includes organs like the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys
ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY
Explores the interactions between different organs to form organ
systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems
SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
Investigates the complex workings of the nervous system, including how
nerve cells transmit signals, how the brain processes information, and how the body
responds to various stimuli.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Studies the endocrine system and its hormones, which regulate
various physiological processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
Examines the mechanics of muscle contraction, the physiology of
muscle tissues, and the role of muscles in movement.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Explores the functions of the heart and blood vessels, including
circulation, blood pressure regulation, and the transport of nutrients and gases.
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
Focuses on the mechanics of breathing, gas exchange, and how
the respiratory system maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Studies the processes involved in digestion, absorption of nutrients,
and the functions of organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver.
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Examines the functions of the kidneys, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, as well as their role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance.
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
Investigates the processes of reproduction, including gamete
production, fertilization, pregnancy, and the hormonal regulation of reproductive functions.
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Compares physiological processes across different species to
identify common principles and adaptations that have evolved over time.
COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Focuses on understanding how various physiological systems
interact and collaborate to maintain overall homeostasis within an organism.
INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Explores how organisms adapt to different environments, such
as extreme temperatures, high altitudes, or aquatic habitats.
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
In medicine, Physicians use knowledge of physiological
processes to diagnose and treat diseases.
DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT
In medicine, Physiological insights guide medical professionals in
providing effective care. F
PATIENT CARE
In medicine, Surgeons rely on physiological principles to perform
procedures.
SURGICAL PROCEDURE
A solid grasp of physiology informs health advice.
LIFE STYLE RECOMMENDATION
Understanding the physiological basis of diseases
enables the development of preventive measures
and strategies to maintain health and prevent
illness.
PREVENTIVE CARE
In research, Physiological research contributes to a
deeper understanding of disease
mechanisms, drug interactions, and treatment
outcomes.
ADVANCING MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE
Pharmacologists and researchers study how
drugs interact with the body at a physiological
level, leading to the development of more
effective and safe medications.
DRUG DEVELOPMENT
Physiological experiments help researchers
study specific processes in controlled
environments, contributing to the expansion of
scientific knowledge.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Physiology is a fundamental component of
medical education.
MEDICAL TRAINING
Physiology provides a basis for understanding life
processes, helping students grasp the intricacies of
living organisms and their functions.
BIOLOGY AND LIFE SCIENCES
Engineers use physiological principles to
design medical devices, prosthetics, and
technologies that interface with the human body
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Professionals in the pharmaceutical sector
require physiological knowledge to develop
effective drugs and therapies.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Understanding physiological factors helps
epidemiologists study patterns of disease
occurrence, transmission, and risk factors within populations.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Physiological insights inform health
policies and regulations aimed at
improving public health and wellbeing.
HEALTH POLICY
Coaches, trainers, and athletes utilize
physiological principles to optimize
training programs, enhance performance, and prevent injuries.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT
Understanding how the body responds to
exercise and injuries
aids in developing rehabilitation protocols
INJURY RECOVERY
Physiology plays a role in
understanding how organisms
adapt to environmental changes,
aiding conservation efforts and
understanding ecosystem
dynamics.
ADAPTATIONS
Levels of
Organization in Living Systems
1.CHEMICAL
2.CELL
3.TISSUE
4.ORGAN
5.ORGAN SYSTEM
6.ORGANISM
The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are
determined by their chemical makeup.
CHEMICAL LEVEL
Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.
CELL LEVEL
A tissue is a group of similar cells and
the materials surrounding them. The
characteristics of the cells and
surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
TISSUE LEVEL
tissues that make up the body are classified into four primary types:
EPITHELIAL
CONNECTIVE
MUSCLE
NERVOUS
An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common
functions.
ORGAN LEVEL
An organ system is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set
of functions.
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
An organism is any living thing
considered as a whole,
whether composed of one cell,
such as a bacterium, or of
trillions of cells, such as a
human.
ORGANISM LEVEL
