General Pharmacology Principles

Question 1

Refers to the amount of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 1

Bioavailability

Question 2

Used to determine the safety and efficacy of generic drugs

Answer 2

Bio equivalence

Question 3

Measures the dose or concentration required to bring about 50% of the drug’s maximal effect

Answer 3

Potency

Question 4

Dose at which 50% of the individuals exhibit the specified quintal effect

Answer 4

Median Effective Dose

Question 5

Dose at which 50% of animals manifest a particular toxic effect

Answer 5

Median Toxic Dose

Question 6

Transfer of drug from site of administration to bloodstream

Answer 6

Absorption

Question 7

Refers to the apparent volume into which the drug is able to distribute

Answer 7

Volume of distribution

Question 8

Elimination of drug at a constant rate

Answer 8

Zero Order Kinetics

Question 9

Elimination at a rate that is proportional to the serum concentration of the drug

Answer 9

First Order Kinetics

Question 10

Addition of a polar moiety (sulfate, acetate, or glucoronate)

Answer 10

Phase II Metabolism

Question 11

Use of CYP450 system (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, or deamination)

Answer 11

Phase I Reactions

Question 12

Describes the rate at which a specific drug is cleared from the system

Answer 12

Clearance

Question 13

Refers to the amount of time required for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease to half of its value after the administration of the drug has been stopped

Answer 13

Half-life

Question 14

Defined as the single amount of drug that is needed to achieve a desired plasma concentration quickly

Answer 14

Loading dose

Question 15

Amount of drug that must be given over time in order to maintain desired plasma concentration

Answer 15

Maintenance dose

Question 16

Used as a measure of drug safety

Answer 16

Therapeutic Dose

Question 17

Formula for therapeutic index

Answer 17

TD50/ED50

Question 18

Refers to the dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration of dose and minimum toxic concentration or dose

Answer 18

Therapeutic Window

Question 19

Substance that shifts the graded dose-repose curve to the right

Answer 19

Competitive Antagonist

Question 20

Substance that does not produce the same maximum effect and is exhibited by a decrease in the Emax

Answer 20

Partial Agonist

Question 21

Substance that depresses the graded dose-response curve in the presence of the natural substrate

Answer 21

Irreversible/Non-competitive Antagonist

Question 22

An antagonist that interacts directly with the agonist and not at all or only incidentally with the receptor

Answer 22

Chemical Antagonist

Question 23

The action of the drug on the body

Answer 23

Pharmacodynamics

Question 24

The action of the body on the drug

Answer 24

Pharmacokinetics

Question 25

Permeation that is governed by Fick's Law

Answer 25

Aqueous Diffusion | Lipid Diffusion

Question 26

Permeation that is saturable and inhibitable

Answer 26

Carrier Transport

Question 27

Adverse effec that is infrequently observed in most patients

Answer 27

Idiosyncratic

Question 28

Responsiveness decreases as a consequence of continued drug administration

Answer 28

Tolerance

Question 29

Responsiveness diminishes rapidly after drug administration

Answer 29

Tachyphylaxis

Question 30

Induction of developmental defects in the fetus

Answer 30

Teratogenesis

Question 31

Induction of malignant characteristics in cells

Answer 31

Carcinogenesis

Question 32

Induction of changes in the genetic material of animals of any age

Answer 32

Mutagenesis

Question 33

Cytochrome P450 Inducers

Answer 33

``` Phenytoin Rifampicin Ethanol St. John's Wort Smoking ``` Barbiturates Griseofulvin Carbamazepine

Question 34

Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors

Answer 34

Sulfonamides Isoniazid Cimetidine Ketoconazole Quinidine Grapefruit juice Erythromycin Amiodarone Ritonavir

Question 35

Route of administration providing 100% bioavailability

Answer 35

Intravenous

Question 36

Route of administration exhibiting first pass effect

Answer 36

Oral

Question 37

Route of administration providing partial avoidance of the first pass effect

Answer 37

Rectal | Sublingual

Question 38

Application to skin for local effect

Answer 38

Topical

Question 39

Application to skin for systemic effect

Answer 39

Transdermal

Question 40

Phase of drug studies involving a small number of normal volunteers

Answer 40

Phase I

Question 41

Phase of drug studies involving post-marketing surveillance

Answer 41

Phase IV

Question 42

Phase of drug studies that asks "Does it work in patients?"

Answer 42

Phase II

Question 43

Phase of drug studies involving randomized, double-blind, controlled trials

Answer 43

Phase III

Question 44

A drug for a rare disease

Answer 44

Orphan drug

Question 45

What agent will you use to hasten urinary excretion in a case of overdose with a weak acid (ex. Aspirin)?

Answer 45

Alkalinizing agent (ex. Sodium bicarbonate)

Question 46

What agent will you use to treat a case of overload with a weak base?

Answer 46

Acidifying agent (ex. Ammonium chloride)

Question 47

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk (ex. ACE inhibitors, anticonvulsants)

Answer 47

Class D

Question 48

Controlled studies in women fail to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester (and there is no evidence of a risk in later trimesters), and the possibility of fetal harm appears remote.

Answer 48

Class A

Question 49

Either animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women, or animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect (other than a decrease in fertility) that was not confirmed in controlled studies in women in the first trimester (and there is no evidence of a risk in later trimesters.) Example: Zidovudine

Answer 49

Class B

Question 50

Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the fetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only when the potential benefits justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Example: Aspirin

Answer 50

Class C

Question 51

Studies in animals or human beings have demonstrated fetal abnormalities or there is evidence of fetal risk based on human experience or both, and the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit. The drug is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. Examples: Statins, OCPs, clomiphene, misoprostol, high-dose Vitamin A

Answer 51

Class X

Question 52

Causes fetal renal damage. Potter syndrome: fetal renal hypoplasia secondary to oligohydramnios

Answer 52

ACE Inhibitors

Question 53

Causes neural tube defects (spina bifida secondary to folate deficiency)

Answer 53

Antiepileptic drugs, especially Valproic Acid ("Valproate ate the folate")

Question 54

Causes fetal hydantoin syndrome

Answer 54

Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin)

Question 55

Causes neonatal hypoglycemia

Answer 55

Oral hypoglycemic agents

Question 56

Causes neonatal dependence

Answer 56

Barbiturates

Question 57

Causes vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Answer 57

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Question 58

Causes fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 58

Ethanol

Question 59

Causes Ebstein's anomaly (abnormal development of ventricles)

Answer 59

Lithium

Question 60

Causes craniofacial malformations

Answer 60

Isotretinoin

Question 61

Causes congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 61

Iodide

Question 62

Causes Möbius sequence (paralysis of facial muscles and EOMs, can have development abnormalities in extremities).

Answer 62

Misoprostol

Question 63

Causes cutis laxa

Answer 63

Penicillamine

Question 64

Causes phocomelia

Answer 64

Thalidomide (previously commonly used to treat morning sickness)

Question 65

May cause IUGR, and autism-spectrum disorders

Answer 65

Smoking

Question 66

May cause tooth discoloration

Answer 66

Tetracycline

Question 67

May cause ototoxicity

Answer 67

Streptomycin

Question 68

May cause aplasia cutis congenita (patches of alopecia and occasionally absent skin)

Answer 68

Methimazole

Question 69

May cause kernicterus

Answer 69

Sulfonamides

Question 70

May cause cartilage damage

Answer 70

Fluoroquinilones

Question 71

May cause chondrodysplasia when used in the first trimester

Answer 71

Warfarin

Question 72

May cause CNS malformations when used in the 2nd trimester

Answer 72

Warfarin

Question 73

May cause bleeding diastheses when used in the 3rd trimester

Answer 73

Warfarin

Question 74

A standard in vitro test for mutagenicity that uses a special strain of Salmonella that naturally depends on specific nutrients (ex. Histidine). The loss of this dependence signals a mutation.

Answer 74

Ames Test

Question 75

Use to calculate the patient's creatinine clearance

Answer 75

Cockroft-Gault Equation Clearance = [(140-age) X Weight in kg] / [72 X Serum creatinine (mg/dL)]

Question 76

Drugs that display tachyphylaxis

Answer 76

"MED students Love to watch CNN in HD" Metro loperamide Ephedrine Desmopressi LSD Calcitonin Nicotine Nitroglycerin Hydralazine Dobutamine

Question 77

Most important pharmacokinetic parameter to be considered in defining a rational steady state during dosage regimen

Answer 77

Clearance

Question 78

What drugs display Zero Order Elimination Kinetics?

Answer 78

Tolbutamide Heparin Aspirin Theophylline Phenytoin Ethanol Warfarin

Question 79

Which topical preparation displays the greatest ability to retard evaporation?

Answer 79

Ointments

Question 80

Which topical preparation displays the least ability to retard evaporation?

Answer 80

Tinctures