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General Pharm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Salmeterol MOA

A

long acting B2 agonist

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2
Q

Salmeterol Use

A

maintenance of asthma and COPD

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3
Q

Examples of Short Acting B2 Agonists (SABA)

A 
Albuterol
Levalbuterol
Terbutaline
Metaproterenol
Isoproterenol
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4
Q

Use for
Albuterol
Levalbuterol
Terbutaline

A

Rescue Inhalers

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5
Q

Metaproterenol Use

A

it isnt

cardio issues from B1 stim

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6
Q

Isoproterenol Use

A

mainly for arrhythmias (B1), no longer used for asthmas

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7
Q

SE of SABAs

A

B1 stim- tachcardia, heart palpitations, nervousness, tremours, nausea
increase IOP

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8
Q

Ipratropium MOA and Use

A

blocks muscarinic receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle- stops bronchoconstriction

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9
Q

Ipratropium should be used in caution with….

A

narrow angle glaucoma- dilation and ant iris shift

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10
Q

Zafirlukast (Accolate)
Montelukast (Singulair)
MOA

A

leukotriene receptor antagonist

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11
Q

Zafirlukast (Accolate)
Montelukast (Singulair)
Use

A

asthma and bronchoconstriction

allergic rhinitis

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12
Q

Theophylline (Theo-Dur) MOA

A

inhibits phospodiesterase- increased cAMP- more epinephrine

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13
Q

Theophylline (Theo-Dur) and topical B blockers

A

B blockers can lessen effects of theophylline

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14
Q

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) MOA

A

breaks disulfide bonds in mucus proteins

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15
Q

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) Use (eye)

A

topical for filamentary keratitis, dry eye, corneal burns

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16
Q

Methotrexate MOA

A

inhibits dihydrofolate reductase- stops DNA syntheses

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17
Q

Methotrexate Use

A

RA

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18
Q

Methotrexate SE

A 
hepatotoxicity
myelosuppression
increased risk of opportunistic infections and lymphomas
aplastic anemia
optic neuritis
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19
Q

Cyclosporine (Neoral/ Sandimmune) (Restasis) MOA

A

inhibits release and production of IL-2- no T lymphocyte production

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20
Q

Restasis Use

A

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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21
Q

SE of Cyclosporine (Neoral/ Sandimmune)

A

opportunistic infections, malignancies

hypertension, kidney problems

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22
Q

Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome

A

headaches, altered consciousness, seizures, visual disturbances- aura, hallucinations, hemianopsia, cortical blindness
caused by Cyclosporine

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23
Q

Azathioprine MOA

A

purine analog that inserts into DNA and RNA and stops replication

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24
Q

Azathioprine Use

A

RA

prevent kidney transplant rejection

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25
Tamoxifen MOA
agonist inhibitor of estradiol- inhibits estrogen effects at the breast
26
Tamoxifen Use
breast cancer tx
27
Tamoxifen SE
crystalline retinopathy whorl keratopathy BRVO/ CRVO CME
28
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Use
analgesia and antipyresis | safe for all ages and pregnancy
29
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) SE
hepatotoxicity
30
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexaril) MOA
decreases motor activity by inhibiting tonic activity of alpha and gamma motor neurons
31
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexaril) Use
stop muscle spasms
32
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexaril) SE
drowsiness, loss of coordination | anticholinergic (Sympathetic) effects
33
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexaril) Caution in patients with....
narrow angle glaucoma- dilation
34
Tramadol (Ultram) MOA
agonist at Mu opiate receptros inhibits serotonin and NE uptake in pain pathways stronger than Tylenol, weaker than opiates
35
Tramadol (Ultram) SE
dry mouth, sedation, dizziness, nausea | some miosis
36
Meperidine (Demerol) Oxycodone MOA
agonist at Mu, Kappa, and Delta opiate receptors | strong analgesics that are addictive
37
Meperidine (Demerol) Oxycodone SE
pinpoint pupils | respiratory depression, sedation, nausea
38
SE specific to Meperidine (Demerol)
seizures, increased ICP, papilledema
39
Promethazine and Opiates
used to combat nausea
40
Nalaxone (Narcan) Use
opioid antagonist | reverses effects of opioids
41
Eye effects of opiate withdrawal
mydriasis
42
Sumatriptin (Imitrex) MOA
5-HT1B and 1D (serotonin type 1B and 1D) receptor agonist- vasoconstriction located in vascular smooth muscle in cranial arteries
43
Sumatriptin (Imitrex) Use
migraines
44
Sumatriptin (Imitrex) SE
vasoconstriction- NAION, MI, stroke, retinal artery occlusions, retinal venous thrombosis
45
Phenothiazine Examples
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) | Thioridazine
46
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Thioridazine MOA
dopamine receptor antagonist
47
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Thioridazine Use
antipsychotic
48
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Thioridazine SE
Parkinson's effects at high dose pigmentation on corneal endothelium, lens- stellate cataracts, RPE oculogyric crisis anticholinergic- dry eye, dry mouth, increased IOP
49
Parkinsons Symptoms
Tremor at rest Rigidity (cogwheel) Akinesia Postural reflex- balance
50
Amantadine (Symmetrel) MOA
blocks reuptake and increase release of dopamine in the brain
51
Amantadine (Symmetrel) Use
Parkinson's
52
Bromocriptine MOA
dopamine agonist
53
Bromocriptine Use
pituitary adenoma | Parkinson's
54
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) MOA
increase dopamine release
55
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) Use
ADHD narcolepsy depression
56
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) SE
mydriasis- caution with narrow angles | dry eyes
57
Donepezil MOA
Ach-esterase inhibitor
58
Donepezil Use
Alzheimers
59
Donepezil SE
lower IOP | cataracts, blurred vision
60
SSRI Examples
fluoxetine (Prozac) | escitalopram (Lexapro)
61
SSRI MOA
inhibits serotonin reuptake
62
SSRI SE
mydriasis- caution with narrow angles | suicide
63
SNRI Examples
venlafaxine (Effexor) | duloxetine (Cymbalta)
64
SNRI MOA
inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake
65
SNRI Use
depression anxiety panic disorder
66
Serotonin Syndrome
SSRI or SNRI + TCA | extra anxiety, increased blood pressure, tremors
67
SNRI SE
mydriasis- caution with narrow angles | suicide
68
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) MOA
NDRI- inhibits reuptake of dopamine and NE
69
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) Use
depression | smoking cessation
70
TCA Examples
amitriptyline (Elavil) | imipramine
71
TCA MOA
inhibits NE and serotonin reuptake
72
TCA SE
dry eye, increased IOP, blurred vision, mydriasis
73
Contraindications for TCAs
suicidal- life threatening overdose
74
MAOI Example
phenylzine
75
MAOI MOA
inhibits MAO- breaks down NE- More NE available
76
MAOI SE
glaucoma nystagmus foods with tyramine (wine, cheese, dried meat) cause lethal hypertensive crisis
77
Diazepam (Valium) MOA
opens chloride channels by binding to GABA receptors- hyperpolarized neurons
78
Diazepam (Valium) Use
anxiety, panic attacks sedative alcohol withdrawal
79
Diazepam (Valium) SE
sedation, depression, bradycardia fatal if combined with alcohol mydriasis- caution with narrow angles
80
Phenytoin MOA
acts on NE, Ach, GABA
81
SE of Phenytoin
nystagmus, diplopia, EOM palsies | gingival hyperplasia
82
Phenytoin Use
anticonvulsant
83
Phenobarbital MOA
stops glutamate by blocking AMPA
84
Phenobarbital Use
seizures and sedation
85
SE of Phenobarbital
mydriasis, increased IOP, cycloplegia
86
Topiramate (Topamax) Use
seizures
87
Topiramate (Topamax) SE
blurred vision, diplopia, nystagmus | choroidal swelling- myopia, acute secondary angle closure glaucoma
88
Insulin MOA
activates tyrosine kinase receptors to promote formation and storage of glycogen, proteins, triglycerides in the liver, fat, and muscle
89
Insulin Use
beetus
90
Metformin MOA
decreases gluconeogenesis in the liver and increases glucose uptake
91
Metformin Use
first line for diabetes because does not cause hypoglycemia
92
Metformin SE
lactic acidosis
93
Glipizide (Glucotrol) Glyburide (Diabeta) Chlorpropamide (Diabinese) MOA
increase secretion of insulin decrease glucagon release increase sensitivity to insulin
94
Glipizide (Glucotrol) Glyburide (Diabeta) Chlorpropamide (Diabinese) SE
Hypoglycemia | sulfa allergy caution- Sulfonylureas
95
B blockers and Sulfonylureas
increase risk of hypoglycemia
96
Thiazolidinediones Examples
-glitazone pioglitazone rosiglitazone
97
Thiazolidinediones MOA
activate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) to increase glucose uptake into muscle and fat
98
Thiazolidinediones Use
combat insulin resistance
99
Thiazolidinediones SE
new or worsening macular edema
100
Levothyroxine (Synthroid) MOA
synthetic T4 hormone
101
Levothyroxine (Synthroid) SE
pseudotumor cerebri in children
102
Levothyroxine (Synthroid) Use
hypothyroidism- Hashimoto's
103
Estrogen Use
contraceptives | decrease risk of endometrial cancer
104
SE of Estrogen
dry eye optic neuritis and papilledema from pseudotumor cerebri (rare) BRVO/ CRVO
105
Sildenafil (Viagra) Vardenafil MOA
inhibit PDE-5- increases blood flow
106
Sildenafil (Viagra) Vardenafil SE
``` blue vision (cyanopsia) photosensitivity ```
107
Prazosin Terazosin Tamsulosin MOA
a1 blockers
108
Prazosin Terazosin Tamsulosin Use
benign prostatic hypertrophy | hypertension (not tamsulosin)
109
Prazosin Terazosin SE
hypotension- dizziness and headache
110
Tamsulosin SE
floppy iris syndrome
111
ACE Inhibitor examples
``` lisinopril benazepril enalapril captopril -pril ```
112
``` lisinopril benazepril enalapril captopril MOA ```
1. prevents formation of angiotensin 2 by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2. block metabolism of bradykinins- results in vasodilation
113
``` lisinopril benazepril enalapril captopril SE ```
COUGH | hypersensitivity, angioedema
114
Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonist (ARB) examples
losartan
115
Losartan MOA
reduces BP by inhibiting angiotensin 2 directed contraction of vascular smooth muscle stops aldosterone secretion
116
SE of Losartan
NO COUGH- good backup to ACEI
117
Propranolol Labetalol MOA
nonselective B blockers | block release of renin from kidneys
118
Metaprolol Atenolol MOA
selective B1 blockers
119
Calcium Channel Blocker Examples
nifedipine verapamil diltiazem
120
nifedipine verapamil diltiazem MOA
blocke L type calcium channels- decrease in intracellular free calcium- decrease vascular smooth muscle contraction
121
nifedipine verapamil diltiazem Use
hypertension | off label for normal tension glaucoma- increase perfusion to ON
122
Furosemide MOA
works on thick ascending loop inhibits Na/Cl/K cotransporters increases Ca secretion- loses Ca
123
Furosemide SE
hypokalemia, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
124
Hydrochlorothiazide Chlorothiazide MOA
works on distal convoluted tubule | inhibits NaCl reabsorption and decreases Ca excretion
125
Hydrochlorothiazide Chlorothiazide SE
acute transient myopia | acute angle closure glaucoma
126
Spironolactone MOA
blocks action of aldosterone at late distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts- increase excretion of Na and water spares K
127
Spironolactone SE
hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, antiandrogen effects
128
Triamterene MOA
blocks epithelial sodium channels in late DCT and collecting ducts- increase excretion of Na and water K spared
129
Mannitol MOA
increases plasma osmolarity- draws water out of eye or brain | works on entire nephron as diuretic
130
Mannitol Use
acute angle closure | cerebral edema
131
Clonidine MOA
CNS a2 agonist that decreases symp outflow and increases para- decreased vascular resistance and decreased heart rate, decreased IOP
132
Clonidine SE
dry mouth, sedation, impotence
133
Hydralazine MOA
increases cGMP- smooth muscle relaxation | decreases afterload by vasodilating arteries more than veins
134
Hydralazine SE
tachycardia, fluid retention, lupus-like syndrome | conjunctivitis, increased lacrimation
135
Digoxin (Digitalis) MOA
inhibits Na/K Pump enzyme- increased intracellular Ca
136
Digoxin (Digitalis) SE
retrobulbar optic neuritis B/Y color defect snowy vision
137
Digoxin (Digitalis) Use
congestive heart failure
138
Amiodarone MOA
blocks K channels
139
Amiodarone SE
NAION whorl keratopathy anterior subcapsular lens deposits
140
Amiodarone Use
tachyarrhythmias
141
Warfarin MOA
vitamin K antagonist- stops clotting factor 2, 7, 9, 10
142
Warfarin contraindications
discontinue b4 cataract surgery- extra bleeding | pregnancy
143
Warfarin Use
blood clots, mechanical heart valves, atrial fibrillation
144
Clopidogrel (Plavix) MOA
inhibit ADP receptor on platelet cell membranes- stops aggregation and clot formation
145
Clopidogrel (Plavix) SE
increased risk of bleeding, GI upset, rash
146
Clopidogrel (Plavix) Use
after heart attack or stroke
147
Dipyridamole MOA
inhibits adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase- inhibits platelet aggregation
148
Dipyridamole SE
increased risk of bleeding
149
Aggrenox
dipyridamole + aspirin | for strokes
150
Lovastatin Simvastatin Atorvastatin Use
first line for hyperlipidemia
151
Lovastatin Simvastatin Atorvastatin MOA
inhibit HMG-CoA reductase- rate limiting step in chol synth in liver lower LDL and TRI increase HDL
152
Lovastatin Simvastatin Atorvastatin SE
hepatotoxicity | myopathy
153
Lovastatin Simvastatin Atorvastatin contraindications
pregnancy/ lactation
154
Gemfibrozil Use
hyperlipidemia
155
Gemfibrozil MOA
binds to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-alpha)- increases lipase decreases LDL and TRI
156
Gemfibrozil SE
GI disturbance, skin rash, uticaria, myositis
157
Cholestyramine Use
lower LDLs
158
Cholestyramine MOA
binds bile acids in intestine to prevent reabsorption
159
Cholestyramine SE
constipation and fatty stools
160
Isotretinoin (Accutane) Use
acne
161
Isotretinoin (Accutane) MOA
reduces size and degree of oil production from sebaceous glands
162
Isotretinoin (Accutane) SE
blepharoconjunctivitis, dry eye, pseudotumor cerebri, papilledema, cataracts
163
Isotretinoin (Accutane) contraindications
pregnancy

Boards Pharmacology 1 (4 decks)

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