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Clinical Veterinary Science > General Pharm > Flashcards

General Pharm Flashcards

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1
Q

ACE Inhibitors: Mechanism

A

Vasodilation
- Increase bradykinin

Lower blood pressure

  • Prevent vasoconstriction
  • Reduce sodium retention
  • Reduce water retention

Increased cardiac function

  • Reduce preload and afterload
  • Decrease vascular resistance
  • Increase cardiac output
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2
Q

ACE Inhibitors: Examples

A

Benazepril
Enalapril
Ramipril

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3
Q

ACE Inhibitors: Use

A

CHF (dogs, cats, ferrets)

Hypertension (dogs, 1st choice)

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4
Q

ACE Inhibitors: Contraindications and Side Effects

A

Can cause:
Hypotension
GI disturbances

Care:
Hypovolaemia
Hyponatraemia
Acute Kidney Injury
Azotaemia
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5
Q

Alpha-2 Agonists: Mechanism

A

Sympathomimetic
- Act on alpha-2 adrenoreceptors and mimic ligand binding

Leading to:

  • Vasoconstriction, hypertension
  • Reflex bradycardia
  • Analgesia
  • Muscle relaxation
  • Sedation / anxiolysis
  • Diuresis
  • Uterine contraction
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6
Q

Alpha-2 Agonists: Examples

A

Xylazine
Detomidine
Medetomidine
Romifidine

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7
Q

Alpha-2 Agonists: Contraindications + Side Effects

A 
Hyperglycaemia
Sedation
Mild respiratory depression
Gut hypomotility
Vomiting
Diuresis
Hypertension
Caution in:
Cardiovascular disease
Pregnancy
Diabetes
V&D
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8
Q

Alpha-2 Agonists: Uses

A

Sedation
Anaesthetic protocol
Inducing emesis in cats

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9
Q

Benzodiazepines: Mechanism

A

GABAergic

- Enhance effects of GABA at GABA/Cl- channel complexes

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10
Q

Benzodiazepines: Uses

A 
Anxiety / Anxiolysis
Skeletal muscular spasms
Anti-convulsant
Analgesia (colic)
Pre-medication in anaesthesia
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11
Q

Benzodiazepines: Examples

A

Diazepam

Midazolam

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12
Q

Benzodiazepines: Contraindications + Side Effects

A

Mild respiratory suppression
Mild cardiovascular suppression
Increase excitement in healthy animals

Caution with:
CNS depression patients
Hepatic dysfunction / encephalopathy
Respiratory depression

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13
Q

Phenothiazines: Examples

A

Acepromazine

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14
Q

Phenothiazines: Mechanism + Use

A

CNS Depressant
Peripheral vasodilation

Uses:
Sedation
Pre-medication for anaesthesia
Antiemetic
Feline thromboembolism management
Increasing laminar perfusion
Urethral spasms
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15
Q

Phenothiazines: Contraindications + Side Effects

A

Hypotension
Cardiovascular disease
Hepatic disease
Anaemia

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16
Q

Beta-blockers: Examples

A 
Timolol
Betaxolol
Atenolol
Propanolol
Esmolol
17
Q

Beta-blockers: Mechanisms

A

Adrenergic blocking drugs

  • Block beta-1 and -2 receptors
  • Decrease aqueous production in eye
18
Q

Beta-blockers: Uses

A

Anti-arrhythmic
Glaucoma
Anxiety
Hypertension

19
Q

Beta-blockers: Contraindications + Side Effects

A

Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction

Caution in:
Cardiovascular disease
Asthma
Low body weight

20
Q

Parasympathomimetics: Mechanisms

A

Cholinergic/mimetic

  • Simulate acetylcholine effects
  • Act as cholinergic receptor agonists

OR Acetylcholinesterase inhibition

Leading to:

  • Smooth muscle contraction
  • Vasodilation
  • Reduced heart rate
  • Increased bodily secretions
21
Q

Parasympathomimetics: Examples

A

Bethanechol
Pilocarpine
Neostigmine
Edrophonium

22
Q

Parasympathomimetics: Uses

A

Bladder atony
Myasthenia gravis diagnosis
Acute myasthenic crises
Atrial tachycardia

23
Q

Parasympathomimetics: Contraindications + Side Effects

A

Bradycardia
Hypotension
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

Caution with:
Renal impairment
Bronchial disease (esp. feline asthma)
Peritonitis
GI / urinary obstructions 
Uveitis
24
Q

Alpha-adrenergic antagonists: Examples

A

Prazosin
Atipamezole
Phenoxybenzamine

25
Q

Alpha-adrenergic antagonists: Mechanisms

A

Block binding to alpha-1 and/or alpha-2 adrenergic receptors

  • Inhibit effects of sympathomimetic drugs
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle

Leading to:

  • Sphincter relaxation
  • Vasodilation
26
Q

Alpha-adrenergic antagonists: Uses

A

Urethral spasms
Hypertension
Anaesthetic reversal
Phaeochromocytoma (esp. prior to surgery)

Clinical Veterinary Science (9 decks)

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