General pads Flashcards
Triad of autism spectrum disorder
- Impaired communication
- Impaired social relationships
- Ritualistic behaviour
Triad for ADHD
Inattention
Impulsive behaviour
Hyperactivity
Gross motor milestone: crawling + walking
9 months 18 months (refer if not walking by 18 months)
Slapped cheek syndrome: cause and pattern
Fifth syndrome
- Parovirus
- Spreads to arms and extensor surfaces
How does rubella present? (German measles)
Pink maculopapular rash on face initially, then spreads to rest of body, fades after 3-5 days.
Lymphadenopathy (posterior auricular and sub occipital)
How does measles present?
Prodrome: ill, fever, conjunctivitis
Initially: koplik (white) spots in mouth + rash behind ears
Progression: spreads to rest of body, discrete maculopapular rash becomes confluent and blotchy.
Symptoms of scarlet fever
Fever, tonsillitis, strawberry tongue, punctuate erythema except around the mouth.
Caused by group A strep toxins.
Precocious puberty: types and causes
Either gonadotropin independent or dependent.
Test FSH and LH. If low, it’s independent and due to adrenal hyperplasia.
Dependent is related to early HPA axis activation.
Inv and mx of intusussception
US (avoid CT in kids because radiation, X-ray doesn’t show cause).
Mx = air insufflation
Sx of intusussception
Colicky pain, drawing up knees, vomiting, red-currant stools
What drug should you give in preterm labour to prevent neonatal respiratory distress?
Dex to mum induces fetal lung maturation, otherwise will be deficient in surfactant.
Mx of meningitis in children
< 3 months = IV cefotaxime
> 3 months = IV cef + IV amox
Treat with fluids if shock
When is jaundice pathological in an infant?
First 24 hours then beyond 14 days
Causes of jaundice
First 24 hours: ABO or rhesus haemolytic disease, g6p deficiency
Prolonged jaundice: biliary atresia, hypothyroid
Inv for jaundice
Routine bloods with TFTs
Conj and unconj (conj can indicate atresia)
Coombs test (direct)
Mx of ADHD
Watch and wait then methylphenidate (Ritalin).
Can be cardiotoxic and reduce appetite, so do ECG and regular weight and height.
Mx for nocturnal enuresis
Rule out DM, constipation and UTI.
Advice on fluid intake, healthy diet with no caffeine, toileting behaviour (going to toilet before bed).
Can use alarm, if over 7 years and alarm is ineffective, trial desmopressin.
Define enuresis
Enuresis (day or night) aged 5 or over, in the absence of neuro/urological defects.
Primary (never continent), or secondary (previously dry for 6 months).
Presentation and mx of GE
Diarrhoea up to a week. Can simultaneously have fever and vomiting initially.
ORS. Avoid fruit juice and carbonated drinks. Don’t use anti-motility/anti-diarrhoeals in kids under 5.
Inv and mx of p.stenosis
US and pyloromyotomy
Pattern of eczema in infants/young kids and older children
Infants: face and trunk
Young kids: extensor surfaces
Older kids: flexors, creases of face and necks
Mx of eczema in children
Topical emollients, can add topical steroid later (30 mins after).
Features of Edward’s
Micrognathia, low set ears, rocker bottom feet.
May present with low APGAR.
Normal APGAR
7-10.
Lower = concerning
Features, signs and risk factors for Ebstein’s anomaly
Tricuspid valve is AT to RV wall and septum instead of RA.
Tricuspid regurgitation = pan systolic murmur
Lithium in first trimester = RF
Androgen insensitivity syndrome presentation
Phenotypically female, genetically male.
Undescended testes = bilateral groin swellings. Primary amenorrhoea. Presents around puberty.
Cause of ambigious genitalia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, presents at birth.
Presentation and mx of transient synovitis
2-10 year old boys.
Acute hip pain associated with virus (fever, infective sx). Can develop small effusion.
Bed rest and analgesia- self limiting
What does bilious vomiting indicate?
Obstruction is at the level or distal to the second part of the duodenum, where bile enters. (malrotation, duodenal atresia)
Sx of pyloric stenosis
Non-bilious vomiting, visible abdominal peristalsis (trying to push food past obstruction), projectiles 30mins after feeding. 2-4 week olds.
Characteristic pulse of PDA
Collapsing pulse
Perth’s presentation, inv and mx
4-8 year old boys.
Hip pain develops over weeks. Limp, reduced range.
X-ray.
Mx = casts/braces to keep f.head in acetabulum. Older children can have surgery, younger = observe.
What viruses cause hand foot and mouth?
Coxsackie + enterovirus.
Oral ulcers and vesicles on hands and feet.
Slipped upper femoral epiphysis demographic, sx and mx
10-15 year old overweight boys.
Pain in hip, groin or knees. Loss of internal rotation in flexion. Usually unilateral, can be bilateral.
X-rays.
Surgical internal fixation.
What common drug is contraindicated in breastfeeding mums?
Aspirin- increases risk of Reye’s (swollen liver and brain)
What condition is neonatal hypotonia associated with?
Prader-Willi
How does heart failure present in infants?
Breathlessness, particularly on exertion (feeding), poor feeding, sweating, recurrent chest infections.
What CO2 is concerning in asthma?
Normal CO2. Initially, hyperventilate so CO2 is low. When it becomes normal, this indicates failure to compensate.
What is capacity?
Time and decision dependant.
Lack of capacity in the past does not impact ability to consent now.
