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Neuroscience I > General Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

General Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Part of the NS consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Has no nerves!*
Has ogliodendocytes, which create myelin for CNS.
Has meninges: layers for protection around structures.

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2
Q

PNS

A

Part of the NS consisting of all the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Divided into Somatic and Autonomic systems.

Has Schwann cells, which create myelin for PNS.
Has no meninges.

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of PNS;
Involuntary components of NS control.

Also called “Involuntary Nervous” or “ General Visceral Motor” Nervous Systems.

Further divided into Sympathetic system, Parasympathetic system, and Enteric system.

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of PNS;
Voluntary (muscle movements).

“Simplistic” - [Cell body > motor neuron > effector]

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5
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of Autonomic Nervous system, thus part of PNS too.

“Fight or Flight”. Uses energy.

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6
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of Autonomic Nervous system, thus part of PNS too.

“Rest or Digest”.

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7
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Part of Autonomic Nervous system, thus part of PNS too.

Deals with gut; plexus that transports info to/from GI tract and brain.

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8
Q

Nerve

A

A fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs.

Two roots that come together.

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9
Q

Ganglia (ganglion)

A

Collection of cell bodies in the PNS.

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10
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of cell bodies in the CNS.

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11
Q

Primary Afferents

A

Sensory neurons in the PNS that transduce information about states of the body and transmit it to sites in the CNS.

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12
Q

Afferents

A

Arriving; Sensory.

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13
Q

Motor Efferents

A

Motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the CNS and towards muscles to cause movement.

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14
Q

Efferents

A

Exiting; Motor.

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15
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

A cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve.

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16
Q

Axon

A

A long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body or soma.
Axons as bundles make up nerves.

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17
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Sensory information; enters dorsal side of spine.
Have ganglion.
Cell bodies live in ganglion.

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18
Q

Ventral Root

A

Motor information; enters ventral side of spine.
Have no ganglion.
Cell bodies live in the horn.

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19
Q

Spinal Segment

A

The spinal cord is located in the vertebral foramen.
A pair of spinal nerves leaves each segment of the spinal cord.

Made up of 31 segments: 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal.
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20
Q

Mixed Nerve

A

A nerve that contains both afferent and efferent nerves.

Thus, functions to transmit both sensory and motor information.

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21
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

A mixed nerve.
Carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.

Human body has 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.

Named on WHERE they exit, not where the vertebrae are.

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22
Q

Axon

A

A long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body or soma.

Axons as bundles make up nerves.

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23
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves.
Come out of the cranium on Left & Right sides.
Numbered Rostral to Caudal, Medial to Lateral.
Functions can be motor, sensory, or mixed.

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24
Q

Preganglionic Neuron

A

Cell body in CNS before the ganglion.
Lightly myelinated axon.
Synapses at ganglion.

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25
Q

Postganglionic Neuron

A

Cell body in PNS after the ganglion.
Unmyelinated axon.
Synapses at effector organ.

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26
Q

White Ramus

A

The preganglionic sympathetic myelinated nerve tract from the spinal cord.

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27
Q

Gray Ramus

A

The postganglionic sympathetic unmyelinated tract from synapse to rejoin nerve.

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28
Q

Myelin

A

An insulating layer that forms around nerves.

Made up of protein and fatty substances.

Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

29
Q

Paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia

A

One of the three places sympathetic ganglia can make connections.

A synapse in the sympathetic chain up or down a level from location.

30
Q

Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

A

One of the three places sympathetic ganglia can make connections.

A synapse can bypass the chain all together, forming this.

31
Q

Parasympathetic (terminal) ganglia

A

One of the three places sympathetic ganglia can make connections.

A synapse in chain ganglia at own level.

32
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse.

It is diffused across the synapse or junction.

Then causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or effector organ.

33
Q

Cranium

A

The part of the skull that encloses the brain.

34
Q

Operation of ANS

A

Operates without conscious control.
We generally switch between sympathetic and parasympathetic automatically.
We can try to override or influence by our thoughts.
Control mostly comes from reflexes or hormones from hypothalamus.

35
Q

What region is the parasympathetic system controlled by?

A

Crano-Sacral region

36
Q

What region is the sympathetic system controlled by?

A

Thoraco-Lumbar region

T1 - L1/L2

37
Q

What region is the sympathetic system controlled by?

A

Thoraco-Lumbar region

T1 - L1/L2

38
Q

Synapses

A

A connection.

39
Q

Pathways:

Autonomic NS vs. Somatic NS

A

ANS: 2-cell relay; preganglionic & postganglionic

Somatic: Cell body in CNS, single myelinated axon, synapses on skeletal muscle. No relay.

40
Q

Effectors of Autonomic NS

A

Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Glands

41
Q

Effectors of Somatic NS

A

Skeletal Muscle

42
Q

Neurotransmitter effects:

Autonomic NS vs. Somatic NS

A

Autonomic:
Preganglionic = ACh (excitatory)

Postganglionic = Depends on function! ACh or NE
Parasympathetic: ACh (excitatory)
Sympathetic: NE (inhibitory)

Somatic:
Always ACh (excitatory)
43
Q

Neurotransmitter effects:

Autonomic NS vs. Somatic NS

A

Autonomic:
Preganglionic = ACh (excitatory)

Postganglionic = Depends on function! ACh or NE
Parasympathetic: ACh (excitatory)
Sympathetic: NE (inhibitory)

Somatic:
Always ACh (excitatory)
44
Q

Three places sympathetic ganglia can make connections

A

1) Synapse in chain ganglia at own level
2) Synapse in sympathetic change up or down a level from location
3) Synapse can bypass the chain all together (forms collateral ganglion).

45
Q

Anatomical Differences, Length of Fibers

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

A

Sympathetic:
Preganglionic - Short, Myelinated
Postganglionic - Long, Unmyelinated

Parasympathetic:
Preganglionic - Long, Myelinated
Postganglionic - Short, Unmyelinated

46
Q

Anatomical Differences, Location of Ganglia

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

A

Sympathetic: Near spinal cord

Parasympathetic: Near effector organ

47
Q

Anatomical Differences, Origin

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

A

Sympathetic: Thoracocolumbar

Parasympathetic: Crainosacral

48
Q

Anatomical Differences, Origin

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

A

Sympathetic: Thoracocolumbar

Parasympathetic: Crainosacral

49
Q

Somatic Reflex Arc

A 
Sensory in >
Interneuron >
Motor neuron >
Motor out >
Effector organ
*one neuron in, one neuron out
50
Q

Autonomic Reflex Arc

A

Sensory in >
Sympathetic Chain OR Collateral Ganglia >
Motor >
Organ
*no parasympathetic chain (automatically goes to terminal ganglia close to organ)

51
Q

What has most direct or primary influence on ANS?

A

Reticular formation.

52
Q

What controls or regulates the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus.

Limbic system can still override to some extent.

53
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains/regulates most homeostasis features in the body.

54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains/regulates most homeostasis features in the body.

55
Q

Are cranial nerves part of the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS (except CN II - Optic) which is CNS.

56
Q

What are the entry points for each of the cranial nerves?

A 
Forebrain: I, II
Midbrain: III, IV
Pons: V, VI, VII
Ponto-Medullary junction: VIII
Medulla: IX - XII
57
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory

Smell

58
Q

CN II

A

Optic

Vision

59
Q

CN III

A

Occulomotor

Eye Movement

60
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

Eye Movement

61
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal

Facial Sensation & Mastication

62
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens

Eye Movement

63
Q

CN VII

A

Facial

Expression

64
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)

Auditory

65
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharangeal

Pharynx, Larynx, Throat

66
Q

CN X

A

Vagus

Autonomic

67
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal Accessory

Neck & Shoulder

68
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal

Tongue Movement

Neuroscience I (4 decks)

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