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Neuroscience I > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Conception

A

Penetration of the ovum (egg) by a single sperm

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2
Q

Implantation

A

Embryo implants into wall of the uterus

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3
Q

Proliferation

A

Multiplication of cells which results in formation of a trilaminar disc
Occurs after conception

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4
Q

Trilaminar disc

A 
Made up of three layers or lamina of cells
Layers are called:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
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5
Q

Ectoderm

A 
Outer trilaminar disc layer
Made by cells of the trilaminar disc
Resulted from cells on outside of embryo
Forms the:
Epidermis (layer of skin)
Neuroectoderm (entire nervous system)
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6
Q

Mesoderm

A 
Made by cells of trilaminar disc
Resulted from cells between endodermal and ectodermal 
Forms:
CT
Muscle
Some Vascular tissue
Blood cells
Bone Marrow
Meninges
Other tissues
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7
Q

Endoderm

A 
Made by cells of trilaminar disc
Resulted from innermost cells on embryo
Forms:
Serous Membranes
Lining of Gastrointestinal tract
Portions of some organs, lungs & liver
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8
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Produce secretions that moisten some internal surfaces of the body

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9
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Produce secretions that moisten some internal surfaces of the body

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10
Q

Meninges

A 
Coverings of the central nervous system
Includes:
Pia Mater
Arcahnoid
Dura Mater
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11
Q

Primitive Streak

A

A thickened strip of ectoderm
Occurs before the infolding of the embryo
Appears in trilaminar disc

Composed of ectodermal cells that give rostrocaudal polarity to the embryo

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12
Q

Rostrocaudal polarity

A

An orientation that identifies the head end and tail end of the early embryo based on primitive streak

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13
Q

Notochord

A

Appears after the primitive streak develops
Aligns in same orientation as streak
Long, narrow group of cells
Located in the mesoderm layer (deep to ectoderm)
Composed of mesodermal cells

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14
Q

Neural induction

A

Process of changing ectoderm to neuroectoderm

Occurs in response to chemicals released by the notochord

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15
Q

Neural groove

A

or “Rostrocaudal groove”

Formed from neural plate changing shape as neuroectodermal cells continue to proliferate

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16
Q

Neural plate

A

After the neuroectodermal cells are formed, they proliferate and form the plate

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17
Q

Neural folds

A

Part of the neural plate lateral to the groove on both sides curves dorsally
As it grows, it forms two longitudinally orientated bulges on both sides of the neural groove = “folds”
*think two parallel hills with valley

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18
Q

What induces the ectodermal layer to become neuroectoderm?

A

The mesodermal cells of the notochord

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19
Q

What is the development of the nervous system dependent on?

A

Presence and normal funding of the notochord

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20
Q

Neural tube

A

As more cells proliferate into the neural folds, the fold grows toward midline of embryo until they meet.
This forms a hollow neural tube
Contains ALL the cells that will become part of CNS:
Neurons
Supporting cells (glia)
*two exceptions to this rule

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21
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous system
Contains brain and spinal cord
Has meninges
Formed from ALL the cells in the neural tube *two exceptions

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Type of glial cell
Originate in body outside of NS and then migrates to CNS
Involved in removing debris & dead cells from the CNS

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23
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus

A

Formed from the primary afferents (sensory neurons) that originate outside the neural tube in the neural crest.

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24
Q

Neural crest

A

Small clusters of neuroectoderm cells
Formed when cells of neural folds break away and create small, longitudinally oriented clusters
Reside lateral to the neural tube
Origin for entire PNS*, chromaffin cells, melanocytes

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25
Q

What are the two exceptions to the neural tube development rule?

A

1) Microglia - glial cells that originate in the body outside of the nervous system, then migrate to CNS.
2) Primary afferents - sensory neurons that originate outside tube in the neural crest, & fuses to CNS later. Form the mesencephalic nucleus.

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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27
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Origin for the entire PNS

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28
Q

PNS Cells

A

All neurons located in sensory and autonomic ganglia, and glial cells associated
Schwann cells, satellite cells
Originate from neural crest cells
*one exception to the rule

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29
Q

Exception to PNS cell development rule

A

The mesencephalic nucleus is derived from the neural crest, but it is a component of the CNS during development

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30
Q

Non-Nervous System derivatives of the Neural Crest

A

Neural crest also forms chromaffin cells and melanocytes

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31
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

Originate from neural crest
Migrate to the medulla and adrenal glands

Function: as post-ganglionic sympathy nervous system cells, BUT secrete substances directly to blood (hormones).

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32
Q

Melanocytes

A

Originate from neural crest

Function: pigment producing cells that provide skin color

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33
Q

Somites

A

Column of cell clusters that forms on either side of of embryo midline
Each is divided into 3 parts, and each part serves as a origin for specific tissue types

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34
Q

Number and orientation of Somites

A

42-44 in the human embryo
Numbered head to tail
Organized as bilateral columns of clusters from head to tail of the embryo midline (rostrocaudal direction)

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35
Q

Sclerotome subdivision

A

A division of somites

Primary origin for cartilage and bone cells

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36
Q

Myotome subdivision

A

A division of somites

Origin for many (not all) striated skeletal muscles

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37
Q

Dermatome division

A

A division of somites

Origin for dermis (deep layer) of skin

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38
Q

3 Divisions of Somites

A

Sclerotome Subdivison
Myotome Subidivision
Dermatome Divison

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39
Q

Branchial arches

A

Formed by some mesodermal cells
Located in the head region of embryo
Origin for some striated skeletal muscles found in head/neck of human

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40
Q

Innervation served from somites

A

Mostly associated with the spinal cord

Some tissues also associated with cranial nerves

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41
Q

Innervation of tissues from the branchial arches that are innervated by cranial nerves

A

All innervated by cranial nerves
Originate in the pons and medulla
Served some striated skeletal muscles, but some are still somatic origin

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42
Q

Neuropores

A

The openings at the caudal and costal ends of the neural tube
Eventually fuse and tube becomes a hollow blind-ended tube or neuroectoderm

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43
Q

Microencephaly

A

Occurs when the neural tube and neuropores fail to fuse
Occurs at rostral end
Little to no brain development

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44
Q

Anencephaly

A

Occurs when the neural tube and neuropores fail to fuse
Occurs as rostral end
No significant brain development
Not compatible with life

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45
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Occurs when the neural tube and neuropores fail to fuse
Occurs at caudal end of neural tube
Several forms
Can produce severe sensory and/or motor deficits
Extent of function dependent on extent of defect

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46
Q

Neural Tube Organization

A 
Has three basic layers
Ventricular layer (innermost)
Mantle layer (middle layer)
Marginal layer (outermost)
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47
Q

Ventricular layer

A

Innermost layer of neural tube

Made up of single layer of ependymal cells

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48
Q

Ependymal cells

A

A single layer of these makes up the ventricular layer
Serve as “parent” cells for continued proliferation of cells that will become neurons or glial cells of CNS
Cells remain through life to line ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
Some become specialized (create CSF)

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49
Q

At what level does fusing process of left and right neural folds begin?

A

Between somites 4 and 6, continues rostrally and caudally

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50
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
Are specialized ependymal cells
Fill the ventricles and bathe external surfaces of brain and spinal cord
Provides buoyancy
Protects against injury
Does NOT flow within central canal of adult spinal cord

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51
Q

Mantle Layer

A

Multi-celled layer of cells (mantle)
Intermediate layer of neural tube
Cells here proliferate quickly
Cells here are destined to become neurons or glial cells

Eventually this layer becomes Gray matter of CNS

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52
Q

Astrocytes or Ogliodendrocytes

A

Cells formed in mantle layer of neural tube
Destined to become glial cells that differentiate into the CNS
Specialized glial cells

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53
Q

Marginal Layer

A

Neurons in mantle grow axons (projections)
Axons extend away from mantle and form marginal layer
Glial cells migrate here

Eventually this layer becomes White matter of CNS

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54
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

A small indentation of the inner lining of the neural tube, bilaterally
Can be seen if an imaginary line is drawn right to left between dorsal and central halves of a n. tube cross section

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55
Q

Alar plate

A

Contains structures located dorsal to the sulcus limitans
Neurons here are primarily sensory
Primary afferents terminate on neurons derived from the alar plate

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56
Q

Basal plate

A

Contains structures located ventral to the sulcus limitans

Neurons here are primarily motor

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57
Q

Motor functions

A

Include both somatic motor and visceral motor (autonomic)
Both major systems originate from the basal plate
Portion associated with visceral motor function is located adjacent and ventral to sulcus limitans

58
Q

Appearance of neural tube in adults

A

Many changes in shape and orientation

Alar and basal plate relationship is unclear

59
Q

Horn and plate orientation

A 
Dorsal horn = alar plate
Ventral horn (& lateral horn) = basal plate
60
Q

Where is origination of the plates maintained best? Worst?

A

Best: in spinal cord
Worst: cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

Meninges

A

Formed by tissues that originate in the mesoderm
CNS coverings
Three layers:
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

62
Q

Pia mater

A 
Internal layer
"Delicate mother"
Thin
Delicate network of tissue
Adheres to outside of CNS
Extends into folds and crevices
Surrounds blood vessels on surface of CNS
63
Q

Arachnoid

A 
Middle layer
Spider web appearance
Thin
Fibrous tissue
CSF found in subarachnoid space between Pia mater and arachnoid
64
Q

Dura mater

A 
Outermost layer of meninges
"tough mother"
Made of two layers
Strong, dense CT
Outer layer adheres to skull bone
Inner layer adheres to arachnoid
65
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Potential space between pia mater and arachnoid

CSF flows here

66
Q

Dilations of the Neural Tube

A 
Also considered swellings
Follow the fusing of neurospores
Three dilations, from rostral to caudal:
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
67
Q

Prosencephalon

A 
Most rostral dilation of neural tube
Later can alter shape and form two dilations
Becomes:
Telencephalon &
Diencephalon
68
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Middle dilation of neural tube

Does not later form other dilations

69
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Most caudal dilation of neural tube
Later can alter shape and form two dilations:
Metencephalon &
Myelencephalon

70
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forms majority of cerebral hemispheres, including:
Cerebral cortex
Subcortical white matter
Subcortical gray matter (nuclei)

71
Q

Diencephalon

A 
Becomes the forebrain
Forms:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus 
Epithalamus
72
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Becomes the adult midbrain

73
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Becomes the medulla in adults

74
Q

Metencephalon

A

Becomes the cerebellum and pons

75
Q

Medulla

A

Most caudal portion of the brain

Continuous with the spinal cord

76
Q

Ventricles & Central Canal of Brain

Development

A

Formed by the interior hollow of the neural tube

Ventricles and canal are just a series of lumen in the CNS

77
Q

Lumen

A

Cavities or spaces

78
Q

Lateral Ventricles

Development

A

Two lumen in the telencephalon
“Paired”
Lumen forming these are large and have complex shape

79
Q

3rd Ventricle

Development

A

Lumen of the narrow space between median walls of the right and left half of thalamus and hypothalamus
Continuous with the cerebral aqueduct

80
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Continuous with 3rd ventricle
Also called aqueduct of Sylvius
Lumen or space in core of midbrain (MES) and rostral pons (MET)
Continuous with 4th ventricle

81
Q

4th ventricle

A

Continuous with cerebral aqueduct
Lumen of the caudal pons & rostral medulla
Continuous with central canal

82
Q

Central canal

A

Lumen of caudal medulla and spinal cord
Canal is blocked or closed in adults
Gradually becomes obliterated between birth and adult

83
Q

Flexures

A

Bends or fold in the neural tube as development progresses
Bending occurs in two phases
These explain differences in orientation of spinal cord and brain structure

84
Q

Phases of flexures bending

A

Initial - two ventral concavities form
one in prosencephalon
one in rhombocephalon
Second - one dorsal concavity forms (in pons - MET)

85
Q

What has the greatest cell proliferation during development?

A

Telencephalon - results in overgrowth = diencephalon

86
Q

What also has great cell proliferation during development?

A

Cerebellum - grows very large

87
Q

Spinal cord

A 
Retains features similar to during development
Gray matter (internal) resembles Butterly
White matter (external) surrounds gray matter
88
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Portion of gray matter located dorsally

Primarily sensory function

89
Q

Ventral horn

A

Portion of gray matter located ventrally

Primarily motor function

90
Q

Lateral horn

A

A small portion of gray matter that extends laterally in the thoracic spinal cord
“Interomediolateral column”
Location of sympathetic motor neurons
Thus, preganglionic autonomic neurons

91
Q

Interomediolateral column

A

Also called lateral horn

92
Q

Hindbrain

A

Contains:
Medulla (MYE)
Cerebellum and Pons (MET)

93
Q

Medulla (MYE)

A

Continuous with spina cord, rostrally
Composed of nuclei and white matter tracts
Contains ascending and descending fibers

94
Q

Motor function axons

A

Either somatic motor or autonomic motor exit the spinal cord in the ventral root
Cell bodies originate either:
lateral (visceral) or
ventral (somatic) horns

95
Q

Ascending fibers

A

Contain axons traveling to structures at higher levels of CNS

96
Q

Descending fibers

A

Contains axons traveling to structures at lower levels of CNS

97
Q

Tracts

A

bundles of axons with similar functions and terminations

98
Q

Cranial nerves associated with the medulla

A 
CN IX - XII:
Glossopharangeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
99
Q

Cerebellum and Pons

A

MET

100
Q

Cerebellum

A

Cortex of three fairly thin coverings of gray matter on surface
Develops near surface because mantle layer neurons migrate through marginal layer to reach cerebellum
Has several nuclei within it’s white matter

101
Q

Pons

A

Composed of nuclei
Scattered throughout ventral portion = pontine nuclei
Also nuclei in dorsal portion
Has ascending and descending white matter tracts
Have four associated cranial nerves

102
Q

Midbrain

A

MES
Located between pons and diencephalon
Contains many nuclei
Contains ascending and descending white matter tracts

103
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

A very large white matter tract
Located on ventral midbrain
Composed of descending axons that connect cerebral hemispheres to lower brain and spinal cord

104
Q

What brain division most closely resembles the neural tube?

A

Midbrain

105
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?

A

CN III - IV
Occulomotor
Trochlear

106
Q

Forebrain

A

Part of the CNS
Has two regions that are part of cerebral hemispheres:
Telencephalon
Diencephalon

107
Q

Telencephalon

A

Most rostral of the CNS structures

Includes:
White matter tracts
Cerebral cortex
Several subcortical nuclei

108
Q

Diencephalon

A 
Composed of nuclei:
Subnuclei of thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus

Includes:
Neural portion of retina which forms an extension of the optic cup

109
Q

Cranial nerve associated with diencephalon?

A

CN II:

Optic

110
Q

Cranial nerve associated with telencephalon?

A

CN I:

Olfactory

111
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Part of telencephalon

Relatively thin 6-layered gray matter structure located on surface of telencephalon

112
Q

Subcortical nuclei

A

Part of telencephalon
Embedded within white matter

Includes:
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Basal ganglia
Claustrum
113
Q

Subcortical nuclei

A

Part of telencephalon
Embedded within white matter

Includes:
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Basal ganglia
Claustrum
114
Q

Crossovers of neural pathways

A

Axons cross the midline in many locations

115
Q

Lamina terminalis

A

Area where the nuerospore located at rostral end of the neurotube fuses
Provides a location for axons from one side of neural tube to cross over to other

Remnant of this is found in the adult brain.

Gives rise to major cross over points for axons to access opposite sides of the brain

116
Q

Commissures or decussations

A

White matter tracts where axons cross the midline

117
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Major cross over point in the telencephalon

Derived from lamina terminalis

118
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Major cross over point in the telencephalon

Derived from lamina terminalis

119
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The question of what makes an individual cell become a certain type of other cell?
A topic of debate
Two theories

120
Q

Differential cytoplasmic partitioning

A

First theory of cell differentiation

Idea that with cell division, not all cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins are divided equally.

Thus, two daughter cells are not identical and are destined to become different types.

Determines morphology of cell types

Not the most common theory

121
Q

Cell differentiation - chemical signals

A

Second theory cell differentiation

Chemicals are produced by cells in same locality

The chemicals can be secreted by cells in surrounding tissue or may be molecules on surfaces

Chemicals cause immature cells to change proteins and be synthesized intracellularly - determining what they are destined

122
Q

Chemical secretion by cells

A

Chemicals secreted by cells or located on their cell surface can also have attractive influence on specific cells causing them to migrate along certain pathways

123
Q

Cell migration

A

Occurs primarily after it has undergone its final cell division
The “birthday” of each neuron determines the eventual location and some of the properties of the cells

124
Q

The “birthday”

A

Refers tot he time when a given neuron undergoes its last cell division

125
Q

CNS structures that are laminated

A

geniculate nucleus
cerebellar cortex
hippocampus

126
Q

Cerebral cortex lamination

A

Composed of six layers (layer one surface, six is deep)
Neuron cell shape and size depends on layer where it resides
Functional connections depends on where it resides
“Birthday” of neuron determines where it will ULTIMATELY reside
Experiements: tritated thymidine

127
Q

Tritated thymidine

Features and Usage in Divisions

A

Radioactively labeled amino acid
Taken up and incorporated into DNA of cells when administered systemically
When the DNA cells divide, they then carry radioactive substance with them

The more divisions that occur, the less that is present in the neurons.

128
Q

Cell migration

Layering patterns

A

Neurons are arranged sequentially across six layers according to age

Oldest cells in deepest layer six, most intensely labeled
Youngest cells in surface layer one, lightly labeled

“Inside Out” pattern
Young cells have to make their way past old cells to reach the outer layers of cortex and permanently reside

129
Q

Radial Glia

A

Specialized glial cells that the migrating neurons climb along to reach their final destination

130
Q

What factors determine the “birthday” of a neuron?

A 
Size
Shape
Type
Chemical environment
Layer it resides in
131
Q

Neural connections

A

Neurons must make connections with the right targets

Targets may be other neurons, peripheral structures, muscles, glands, etc.

132
Q

Growth cone

A

Occurs just before or after migration is complete

A process from the cell body of a neuron that grows and elongates over time at its tip

133
Q

Filopodia

A

A specialized structure with a swollen appearance on the growth cone
Large fingerlike projections
Highly motile
Continually extend and retract

Extends to find specific molecules, when it doesn’t find them it retracts and extends another direction to try again

134
Q

Lamellipodia

A

A thin web like membrane between each of the filopodia

135
Q

Termination of the axon

A

Filopodia serach for guiding molecules
Molecules assist axon to grow in that direction
Axon follows along diffusion gradient
Growth cone helps establish termination
Axon gets to neighborhood of termination
Terminal branches of each axon try different locations
Neuron makes connection
>
Sometimes connections are left shortly after made
Can be vacated before final connections are permanent
This is said to be “tentative” connections
>
Critical period takes place
>
Final connections must be made

136
Q

Critical period

A

The period of time when most connections between neurons are still tentative and subject to reorganization

Window of opportunity

137
Q

Congenital

A

Present at birth

138
Q

Use it or lose it

A

Appropriate neural activity has to be maintained for cells connections to be kept
If neurons are not stimulated properly then they can lose their initial connections

139
Q

Example of appropriate stimulation in developing NS

A

Neurons in retina of cats
Axons terminated at LGN (thalamic nucleus)

Vision of kittens restricted at birth for a couple weeks
Left them with poor vision later on

140
Q

Take away

A

Neural stimulation is critical
Allows for synapses to take place during development
Many connections are hardwired after development
Some connections are also made throughout life

The more we are exposed to novel situations, the more our neural networks continue to change and develop!

141
Q

Plasticity of CNS

A

CNS is plastic in children and adults

CNS continues to make connections
Changes anatomically and continually in response to events and conditions

Allows for us to learn and function in a complex society

Also allows for overcoming of neural insults/injuries

Neuroscience I (4 decks)

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