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Neuroscience I > External Anatomy of the Brain & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

External Anatomy of the Brain & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

5 perspectives for exploring the biology underlying behavior

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Evolutionary
  3. Developmental
  4. Mechanistic
  5. Application
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2
Q

Descriptive

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.
- Structural: what is it? & Functional: what does it do?
*the connection determines importance!
Ex: Lobes in the brain. They are categorized into major function of parts.

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3
Q

Evolutionary

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.

  • Continuity of behavior(we are all alike).
  • Species-specific differences in behavior: (we are all unique).
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4
Q

Developmental

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.
- Ontogeny: how individuals change across the lifespan
How do we change over time?
Ex: fear in the brain of a teenager, vs. fear in the brain of an adult
*The brain is plastic, moldable, & can change.

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5
Q

Mechanistic

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.

  • The brain is like a machine.
  • There are mechanisms within the brain that make behavior possible.
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6
Q

Applications

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.
Somatic (physical, structure) and behavior (response) affect each other.
*Correlation does not equal causation.

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7
Q

Precentral Gryus

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Developmental Theory

A

Was WRONG!
His stages of development ended in teenage years based on maturity, and was solely introspective.
We now know, people develop over a lifetime.

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9
Q

Primary development of brain

A

Most brain connections are developed by mid 20’s.

The frontal lobe is the last to develop.

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

Almond shaped structure in the brain.

Located close to the hippocampus, in the frontal region of the temporal lobe.

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11
Q

Two major underlying assumptions regarding neuroscience

A
  1. The brain has something to do with our behavior

2. Different parts of the brain do different things.

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12
Q

Where did neuroscience all begin?

A

1700 BC
Edwin Smith had a surgical papyrus with the word ‘brain” written in medical writings.
He described a number of head injuries.

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13
Q

Phrenology

A

Established end of 1700’s

Tried to map the brain, was incorrect and proven wrong

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14
Q

Broadmann’s Areas

A

Established beginning of 1900’s
Successfully mapped regions of the brain based on functionality.
Is still used today by neuroscience field.

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15
Q

SMRI

A

Structural MRI

Usually black and white. Looks at components; is a structure missing, is something damaged, tumor, etc…?

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16
Q

FMRI

A

Functional MRI
Gives a color gradient based on function, assumed by blood flow of BOLD signal (blood oxygen level dependent) of oxygen and glucose.

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17
Q

Pros/Cons of SMRI vs. FMRI

A

They both gives details to the story, but you can’t get the full picture unless you overlay the scans.

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18
Q

Tractography

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Demonstrates the direction of flow (or nerve tract) by color. It is a form of diffusion MRI

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19
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly (front)

In the brain, this becomes the anterior of head at the brainstem

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20
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

In the brain, this becomes the top of the head, or more superior position at the brainstem

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21
Q

Anterior

A

In front of

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22
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the nose, anterior

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23
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail, posterior

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24
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top of the head/body

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25
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the feet or bottom of the body

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26
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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27
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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28
Q

Bilateral

A

On both sides

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29
Q

Unilateral

A

On one side

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30
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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31
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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32
Q

Forebrain

A 
The "mushroom"
Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Cortex
Contains the telencephalon & diencephalon
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33
Q

Midbrain

A

Tucks underneath the forebrain as development continues in baby.
Sits dead center on ventral surface, looks like Mickey.

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34
Q

Hindbrain

A

Becomes the brainstem and cerebellum, minus the midbrain

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35
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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36
Q

Brain structure

A

Generally contains the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. We begin with these structures before any major development.

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37
Q

Telencephalon

A 
Part of the forebrain
Cerebral cortex (or cortex), basal ganglia (nuclei), and limbic system
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38
Q

Diencephalon

A

Part of the forebrain

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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39
Q

Mesencephalon

A

MES

Part of the midbrain

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40
Q

Myelencephalon

A

MYE
Part of the hindbrain
Medulla Oblongata

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41
Q

Metencephalon

A

MET
Part of the hindbrain
Pons & cerebellum

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42
Q

Location order of midbrain and hindbrain

A

Superior to Inferior, alphabetical STY
Mesencephalon (MES)
Metencephalon (MET)
Myelencaphalon (MYE)

43
Q

Gray matter

A

Exterior
Cell bodies composition
The cell bodies spread out and function
> Neuronal bodies in the CNS

44
Q

White matter

A

Connecting pathways
Insulating fatty myelin
> Axons in the CNS

45
Q

Sulci

A

Also “fissures”

Grooves

46
Q

Gyri

A

Bumps

47
Q

Components of the Telencephalon

A

Also “cerebral cortex”

Gray matter, white matter, sulci, gyri

48
Q

Collections of neurons

A

Cell bodies

49
Q

Collection of axons

A

Pathways

50
Q

Cortex

A

Exterior

Sheet of neurons

51
Q

Nucleus

A

Distinguishable grouping of neurons

52
Q

Subtantia

A

Grouping of neurons deep within the brain, less distinct borders

53
Q

Ganglion

A

Neuronal bodies in PNS

54
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

55
Q

Tract

A

CNS axons with a common origin & destination

56
Q

Bundle

A

Axons that run together but do not have the same origin and destination

57
Q

Capsule

A

Connects the cerebellum to the brainstem

58
Q

Commissure/Lemniscus

A

Connects one side of the brain with the other

59
Q

Central sulcus

A

CSul

Longest and deepest

60
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

LonFis

Divides left and right regions

61
Q

Sylvain fissure

A

Divides the pre-central (motor) and post-central (somatosensory).
Because they are so close, there is a lot of cross talk!

62
Q

Supramarginal gyrus

A

Appears as a horseshoe

63
Q

Angular gyrus

A

Is inferior to the supra marginal, appears also as horseshoe

64
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

65
Q

Frontal Lobe

A 
Reasoning
Planning
Speech
Movement
Emotions
Problem solving
Personality
- Generally language is left and emotion is right
66
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensation
Orientation
Recognition
Perception of stimuli

67
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

68
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Has three major gyrus based on location (superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus’)
Audition
Memory (formation, not storage)
Speech
- Contains hippocampus & Hershels gyrus
- Has three major gyrus based on location (superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus’)

69
Q

Hershels gyrus

A

Located in the temporal lobe

Processes all sounds, tones, pitches

70
Q

Limbic System

A

Involved with emotions

71
Q

Parahippocampus

A

Exterior landmark for hippocampus. Surrounds hippocampus

72
Q

Uncus

A

Chemical senses, triangular shape, points medially off the temporal lobe

73
Q

Insula

A

On the back wall of lateral fissure.

Very connected to addictive processes.

74
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland. Base is called “tuber cenereum”.

75
Q

Tuber Cenereum

A

Base of the infundibulum

76
Q

Mamillary bodys

A

Connected to the limbic system.

Looks like breasts.

77
Q

Ventricles

A

Spaces where fluid flows through, not structures.

78
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Sits in the center of the medial view of brain. Is a major curve anteriorly. It has four components (anterior > posterior):
Rostrum, Genu, Body, Splenium

79
Q

Lateral Ventricle

A

Can be seen on left and right, is separated by the septum pellucidum

80
Q

Singulate gyrus

A

Involved with limbic system. Emotions

81
Q

Subcallosal

A

Underneath the corpus callosum. Sense of smell

82
Q

Fornix

A

Separates the thalamus & hypothalamus. Also the base for the mammilary bodys.

83
Q

Pineal gland

A

Regulates melatonin for sleep

84
Q

What connects the hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure

85
Q

What is a commissure?

A

Communicating connection between both sides, but doesn’t carry as many fibers as the callosum.

86
Q

What are the three structures that form the walls of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

87
Q

Thalamus

A

Central relay for most sensory information.
Made up of many different types of nuclei (sensory, motor, etc.);
Acts as grand central station (a sensory filter for ALL senses except olfactory).

88
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Arousal and motivation. Homeostasis and reproduction. Autonomic nervous system.
Hormone control. Is very flat from midline view, appears as a ridge.

89
Q

Epithalamus

A

Limbic system.

90
Q

Hypothalamic sulcus

A

The only sulcus that is interior

91
Q

Interior components of midbrain

A

Tectum & tegmentum

92
Q

Interior components of hindbrain

A

Metencephalon & Medulla (Myelencephalon)

93
Q

Tectum

A

Dorsal half of midbrain. Function is orientation.

94
Q

Tegmentum

A

Ventral half of midbrain. Function is movement and arousal.

95
Q

Metencephalon

A

Contains pons (bridge) and cerebellum (little brain)

96
Q

Medulla

A

Also called myelencephalon. Contains reticular formation.

97
Q

Reticular formation

A

Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal with respect to consciousness.

98
Q

Cerebellum

A

Mostly responsible for coordination.

99
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A

All on Dorsal side.
Superior - attaches midbrain to cerebellum
Middle - largest and lateral to 4th ventricle
Inferior - smallest

100
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina

A

Looks like 4 sets of U’s. Includes the superior and inferior colliculus.

101
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Attaches midbrain to cerebellum.

102
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Largest and lateral to 4th ventricle

103
Q

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Smallest

104
Q

Four components of the corpus callosum

A 
Anterior > Posterior
Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium

Neuroscience I (4 decks)

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