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Neuroscience I > External Anatomy of the Brain & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

External Anatomy of the Brain & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

5 perspectives for exploring the biology underlying behavior

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Evolutionary
  3. Developmental
  4. Mechanistic
  5. Application
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2
Q

Descriptive

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.
- Structural: what is it? & Functional: what does it do?
*the connection determines importance!
Ex: Lobes in the brain. They are categorized into major function of parts.

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3
Q

Evolutionary

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.

  • Continuity of behavior(we are all alike).
  • Species-specific differences in behavior: (we are all unique).
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4
Q

Developmental

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.
- Ontogeny: how individuals change across the lifespan
How do we change over time?
Ex: fear in the brain of a teenager, vs. fear in the brain of an adult
*The brain is plastic, moldable, & can change.

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5
Q

Mechanistic

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.

  • The brain is like a machine.
  • There are mechanisms within the brain that make behavior possible.
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6
Q

Applications

A

Perspective for exploring biology underlying behavior.
Somatic (physical, structure) and behavior (response) affect each other.
*Correlation does not equal causation.

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7
Q

Precentral Gryus

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Developmental Theory

A

Was WRONG!
His stages of development ended in teenage years based on maturity, and was solely introspective.
We now know, people develop over a lifetime.

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9
Q

Primary development of brain

A

Most brain connections are developed by mid 20’s.

The frontal lobe is the last to develop.

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

Almond shaped structure in the brain.

Located close to the hippocampus, in the frontal region of the temporal lobe.

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11
Q

Two major underlying assumptions regarding neuroscience

A
  1. The brain has something to do with our behavior

2. Different parts of the brain do different things.

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12
Q

Where did neuroscience all begin?

A

1700 BC
Edwin Smith had a surgical papyrus with the word ‘brain” written in medical writings.
He described a number of head injuries.

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13
Q

Phrenology

A

Established end of 1700’s

Tried to map the brain, was incorrect and proven wrong

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14
Q

Broadmann’s Areas

A

Established beginning of 1900’s
Successfully mapped regions of the brain based on functionality.
Is still used today by neuroscience field.

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15
Q

SMRI

A

Structural MRI

Usually black and white. Looks at components; is a structure missing, is something damaged, tumor, etc…?

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16
Q

FMRI

A

Functional MRI
Gives a color gradient based on function, assumed by blood flow of BOLD signal (blood oxygen level dependent) of oxygen and glucose.

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17
Q

Pros/Cons of SMRI vs. FMRI

A

They both gives details to the story, but you can’t get the full picture unless you overlay the scans.

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18
Q

Tractography

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Demonstrates the direction of flow (or nerve tract) by color. It is a form of diffusion MRI

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19
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly (front)

In the brain, this becomes the anterior of head at the brainstem

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20
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

In the brain, this becomes the top of the head, or more superior position at the brainstem

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21
Q

Anterior

A

In front of

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22
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the nose, anterior

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23
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail, posterior

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24
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top of the head/body

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25
Inferior
Toward the feet or bottom of the body
26
Lateral
Away from the midline
27
Medial
Toward the midline
28
Bilateral
On both sides
29
Unilateral
On one side
30
Ipsilateral
On the same side
31
Contralateral
On the opposite side
32
Forebrain
``` The "mushroom" Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex Cortex Contains the telencephalon & diencephalon ```
33
Midbrain
Tucks underneath the forebrain as development continues in baby. Sits dead center on ventral surface, looks like Mickey.
34
Hindbrain
Becomes the brainstem and cerebellum, minus the midbrain
35
Brainstem
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
36
Brain structure
Generally contains the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. We begin with these structures before any major development.
37
Telencephalon
``` Part of the forebrain Cerebral cortex (or cortex), basal ganglia (nuclei), and limbic system ```
38
Diencephalon
Part of the forebrain | Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
39
Mesencephalon
MES | Part of the midbrain
40
Myelencephalon
MYE Part of the hindbrain Medulla Oblongata
41
Metencephalon
MET Part of the hindbrain Pons & cerebellum
42
Location order of midbrain and hindbrain
Superior to Inferior, alphabetical STY Mesencephalon (MES) Metencephalon (MET) Myelencaphalon (MYE)
43
Gray matter
Exterior Cell bodies composition The cell bodies spread out and function > Neuronal bodies in the CNS
44
White matter
Connecting pathways Insulating fatty myelin > Axons in the CNS
45
Sulci
Also "fissures" | Grooves
46
Gyri
Bumps
47
Components of the Telencephalon
Also "cerebral cortex" | Gray matter, white matter, sulci, gyri
48
Collections of neurons
Cell bodies
49
Collection of axons
Pathways
50
Cortex
Exterior | Sheet of neurons
51
Nucleus
Distinguishable grouping of neurons
52
Subtantia
Grouping of neurons deep within the brain, less distinct borders
53
Ganglion
Neuronal bodies in PNS
54
Nerve
Bundle of axons in the PNS
55
Tract
CNS axons with a common origin & destination
56
Bundle
Axons that run together but do not have the same origin and destination
57
Capsule
Connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
58
Commissure/Lemniscus
Connects one side of the brain with the other
59
Central sulcus
CSul | Longest and deepest
60
Longitudinal fissure
LonFis | Divides left and right regions
61
Sylvain fissure
Divides the pre-central (motor) and post-central (somatosensory). Because they are so close, there is a lot of cross talk!
62
Supramarginal gyrus
Appears as a horseshoe
63
Angular gyrus
Is inferior to the supra marginal, appears also as horseshoe
64
Lobes of the Cerebrum
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
65
Frontal Lobe
``` Reasoning Planning Speech Movement Emotions Problem solving Personality - Generally language is left and emotion is right ```
66
Parietal Lobe
Sensation Orientation Recognition Perception of stimuli
67
Occipital Lobe
Vision
68
Temporal Lobe
Has three major gyrus based on location (superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus') Audition Memory (formation, not storage) Speech - Contains hippocampus & Hershels gyrus - Has three major gyrus based on location (superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus')
69
Hershels gyrus
Located in the temporal lobe | Processes all sounds, tones, pitches
70
Limbic System
Involved with emotions
71
Parahippocampus
Exterior landmark for hippocampus. Surrounds hippocampus
72
Uncus
Chemical senses, triangular shape, points medially off the temporal lobe
73
Insula
On the back wall of lateral fissure. | Very connected to addictive processes.
74
Infundibulum
Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland. Base is called "tuber cenereum".
75
Tuber Cenereum
Base of the infundibulum
76
Mamillary bodys
Connected to the limbic system. | Looks like breasts.
77
Ventricles
Spaces where fluid flows through, not structures.
78
Corpus Callosum
Sits in the center of the medial view of brain. Is a major curve anteriorly. It has four components (anterior > posterior): Rostrum, Genu, Body, Splenium
79
Lateral Ventricle
Can be seen on left and right, is separated by the septum pellucidum
80
Singulate gyrus
Involved with limbic system. Emotions
81
Subcallosal
Underneath the corpus callosum. Sense of smell
82
Fornix
Separates the thalamus & hypothalamus. Also the base for the mammilary bodys.
83
Pineal gland
Regulates melatonin for sleep
84
What connects the hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure
85
What is a commissure?
Communicating connection between both sides, but doesn't carry as many fibers as the callosum.
86
What are the three structures that form the walls of the 3rd ventricle?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
87
Thalamus
Central relay for most sensory information. Made up of many different types of nuclei (sensory, motor, etc.); Acts as grand central station (a sensory filter for ALL senses except olfactory).
88
Hypothalamus
Arousal and motivation. Homeostasis and reproduction. Autonomic nervous system. Hormone control. Is very flat from midline view, appears as a ridge.
89
Epithalamus
Limbic system.
90
Hypothalamic sulcus
The only sulcus that is interior
91
Interior components of midbrain
Tectum & tegmentum
92
Interior components of hindbrain
Metencephalon & Medulla (Myelencephalon)
93
Tectum
Dorsal half of midbrain. Function is orientation.
94
Tegmentum
Ventral half of midbrain. Function is movement and arousal.
95
Metencephalon
Contains pons (bridge) and cerebellum (little brain)
96
Medulla
Also called myelencephalon. Contains reticular formation.
97
Reticular formation
Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal with respect to consciousness.
98
Cerebellum
Mostly responsible for coordination.
99
Cerebellar Peduncles
All on Dorsal side. Superior - attaches midbrain to cerebellum Middle - largest and lateral to 4th ventricle Inferior - smallest
100
Corpora Quadrigemina
Looks like 4 sets of U's. Includes the superior and inferior colliculus.
101
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Attaches midbrain to cerebellum.
102
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Largest and lateral to 4th ventricle
103
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Smallest
104
Four components of the corpus callosum
``` Anterior > Posterior Rostrum Genu Body Splenium ```

Neuroscience I (4 decks)

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