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A+ 1102 > General/Misc. > Flashcards

General/Misc. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scope of a link-local address limited to?

A

Can only communicate with other devices on the same Subnet.

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2
Q

PXE/Pixie - Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) - where does it install an OS from?

A

Installs OS remotely via network (provided the PC supports booting with PXE)

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3
Q

What are the ways to Boot?

A

USB bootable device.
Optical media: CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
PXE (remotely on the network)
SSD/HDD
Internet-based: Linux distros.
Remote network installation - local server or shared drive - can install OS across the Internet
External/hot-swappable drive (some ext. drives can mount an ISO image
Via Disk Partition - logically splits drive into partitions - can have a separate OS on each partition. So can boot a different OS from boot menu/Boot Order

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4
Q

What does “hot-swapping” mean?

A

Replacing or adding components WITH system power ON.

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5
Q

What is an “in-place upgrade”?

A

in-place upgrade - Refers to upgrading the OS while maintaining the existing files and applications.

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6
Q

What does a “clean install” mean in reference to an OS?

A

Wiping the drive clean and installing/reinstalling (with a migration tool) a new OS.

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7
Q

What is an “image deployment”?

A

Image deployment - is create a clone image of an OS/system and cloning it to every specified PC on a network (quite quick and can be automated).

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8
Q

What does repairing installed OS mean/do?

A

Refreshes or updates all the OS files on a system (does NOT change User Files).

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9
Q

Disk Partitioning?

A

Logically splitting drive into partitions/volumes (Microsoft nomenclature) - can have a separate OS on each partition. So can boot a different OS from boot menu/Boot Order

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10
Q

GPT GUID Partition Table? Needs UEFI BIOS!

A

Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) - up to 128 partitions with maximum partition of 256 TB on Windows.

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11
Q

MBR maximum partition size?
MBR maximum partitions per drive?

A

2TB per partition.

Bootable partitions.
Maximum of 4 primary partitions per drive.

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12
Q

Does formatting a drive create a new file system on the drive?

A

Yes! Formatting a drive allows you to select a file system for it:
NTFS - New Technology File System (Windows)
EXT4 - Linux
FAT32 - File Allocation Table 32

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13
Q

What is the main difference between formatting and quick formatting a drive?

A

Quick formatting doesn’t erase written data on a drive (so you can restore the data if quick format by accident) whereas formatting fully writes 0’s to every sector of storage/full wipe of existing drive data AND checks the disk for BAD SECTORS (takes a lot longer than quick format).

Use diskpart utility for a full format on Windows.

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14
Q

How long after a Win version does mainstream support last generally?

A

5 years.

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15
Q

What are some considerations/concerns when installing a new application?

A

Applications inherit the same rights and permissions as the user and many contain malware or are poorly written which may cause huge damage to your system and compromise security.

If you are connected to a fileshare then the malware can spread to other devices also connected to it!

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16
Q

What to do if mobile phone battery drains quickly?

A

-Enable airplane mode - if signal is bad then the phone has to use a lot of power to constantly search and try to connect to network
-Disable unused features like GPS, Bluetooth, WiFi
-Replace the battery if nothing helps (may just be old, batteries have a lifespan)
-Check application battery usage: Settings/Battery
(same path on iPhone and Android devices)

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17
Q

How to troubleshoot a phone that is randomly rebooting?

A

Check the OS and apps are the latest versions.
Check the battery health.

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18
Q

What to do if mobile device has connectivity issues?

A

Move closer to the access point or connect to a different one.
Make sure your WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, AirDrop (Apple ecosystem share system up to 30 feet) that you’re trying to connect to is enabled.
Hard reset the device.
If it’s an NFC payment issue then remove and readd the card.

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19
Q

My mobile screen won’t auto rotate what do I do?

A

Check the rotation lock is disabled.
Restart the app.
Restart the phone.
Contact device support if it’s a hardware issue.

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20
Q

What is a Ticketing System used for?

A

A ticketing system is a way of managing support requests. It allows you to:
-Document
-Assign
-Resolve
-Report
-Escalate

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21
Q

What to do when creating a support ticket?

A

Get as much pertinent information as possible from the user.
Make a summary/title for the ticket.
Log who reported the issue.
Categorise the severity (Low/Mid/High/Critical) of the issue and decide who to assign it to/whether or not it needs to be escalated.
Document progress notes and solutions so that if the issue occurs again it can be fixed quickly by another help desk member.

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22
Q

What is the primary objective of Asset Management?

A

To create a log/record of every asset e.g. laptops, desktops, printers, servers, cable crimpers, routers, WAP’s.

It keeps track of the depreciation of such assets over time and allows you to easily see the make/model, serial number, purchase date and configuration of specified hardware.

Usually asset tags (RFID chips or barcodes) are physically added onto the devices.

Allows you to link an asset (device) to a user so you know for example that John has the Lenovo Laptop currently.

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23
Q

What is the typical Procurement Process of a company?

A

A user starts a request for new hardware/equipment which has to be approved by management.

Then the purchasing department finds the hardware and negotiates a price and warranty, contract with the vendor.

Then a purchase invoice is created and fulfilled and the hardware is received, logged (asset management) and given to the user.

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24
Q

What is an AUP?

A

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) - how specific company assets are to be used by employees. E.g. what types of site can’t be visited on the company network.

These help limit the legal liability of the company after someone has been dismissed when they breach one of these AUP’s.

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25
Q

What is meant by compliance?

A

Adhering to (following) laws and standards set by an industry, organization or the government (both domestic and international).

Failure to do so may lead to fines, dismissal, liquidation and prison.

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26
Q

What is meant by on-boarding and off-boarding?

A

On-boarding refers to taking on a new member of staff. Creating them an account, granting permissions, getting them to sign an IT agreement (Acceptable Use Policy AUP). Providing them with a desktop, laptop, company phone.

Off-boarding refers to removing a member of staff from the network. Making sure their access is revoked fully to prevent them leaking sensitive information after being fired.

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27
Q

What types of backup start with an initial full backup?

A

All backup types start with an initial full backup/copy of all files.

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28
Q

What is the difference between a Differential Backup and an Incremental Backup?

A

A differential backup is a cumulative/ever growing back up of changes since the previous full back up. So Monday a backup is done of the changes made that day and then Tuesday’s changes are added to Monday’s back up etc. This takes a moderate amount of time to create the differential backups and a moderate time to restore a system by combining the single large differential backup with the initial full backup.

Whereas an incremental backup is where the backups since the last full backup are stored as separate backups and must be all combined and added to the full back up to perform a full restore. This takes a very long time to restore but a short time to create the backups.

29
Q

What is a Synthetic backup?

A

A synthetic backup is a full backup created from merging an original full back up and subsequent incremental backups.

Essentially takes the incremental backups and combines them with the initial fully system backup. This gives it a quick/straightforward restore process but is quicker to form than creating a full backup each time.

Combines Incremental Backups with the initial full backup to provide high speed of restore and moderate speed of creating backups.

30
Q

What is the Grandfather-Father-Son (GFS) backup strategy?

A

3 separate backup date rotations. E.g.
Yearly backup (Grandfather)
Monthly backup (Father)
Weekly backup (Son)

Hierarchically structured backup management.

31
Q

What is Electrostatic Discharge?

A

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is when there a build up of static electricity in an area/material and then when it comes into contact with another object of a different electric potential (build up) the excess charge is instantly released.

ESD can cause a lot of damage to sensitive electronics like transistors and circuits that are used in PC hardware.

32
Q

How to self-ground yourself and how does it work?

A

There are a number of ways to “self”-ground yourself aka balance the electric potentials between yourself and the PC system:
-Touch the metal (unpainted) case of the PC or the PSU.
-Connect yourself to the metal of the PC with an Anti-Static Strap/Wrist Strap
-Place the PC on an Anti-Static Pad
-Stand/sit on an Anti-Static Mat

33
Q

What should you place components in when transporting them to protect them from ESD?

A

Anti-Static Bag.

34
Q

What is the point of keeping silica gel packets with components when storing or transporting them?

A

Silica Gel Packets absorb humidity in confined spaces thereby reducing any chance of condensation forming and damaging the components.

35
Q

What should you use to extinguish an electrical fire safely?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2), FM-200 or other dry chemicals. Remove the power source.

36
Q

What should you check for the proper way to dispose of batteries?

A

SDS - Safety Data Sheet = provides detailed instruction for the safe disposal of batteries, CRT’s, solvents, etc. (Hazardous Waste).

37
Q

What are the three types of UPS?

A

Standby UPS - switches to battery power as soon as the main power fails but this has a slight delay. Cheapest UPS type.

Line-in UPS - always connected to main power and battery so it’s much quicker to switch to battery when needed than Standby.

On-line UPS - always on so no switching needed. The most resilient UPS but also the most expensive and inefficient.

38
Q

Which UPS type is best?

A

On-line UPS - is always on so there is NO switch delay and it continuously converts DC to AC power and vice versa providing the best protection against all kinds of power problems (surges, sags, blackouts).

39
Q

What is the difference between FOSS - Free and Open Source Software and Closed Source/Commercial Software?

A

FOSS source code is freely available and editable by users.

Commercial software - source code is kept private and comes with a pre-compiled executable.

Software use is specified by an EULA - End User Licence Agreement.

40
Q

What is the agreement that determines how software can be legally used by end users?

A

EULA - End User Licensing Agreement - determines how software can be used.

41
Q

What is the purpose of the PCI DSS - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard?

A

A standard to protect credit/debit card information online.

42
Q

What is GDPR?

A

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - is an EU standard for data protection and privacy.

Gives individuals the right to control how their personal data is used and kept.

43
Q

What scripting language does Windows most commonly use?

A

Bash/Batch files, .bat are command line scripts used by Windows.

44
Q

Which Windows scripting language integrates with Active Directory thereby allowing you to automate AD tasks?

A

Windows PowerShell (.ps1) included with Win 10+ versions uses cmdlets (command-lets) to provide a lot more functionality and benefits than the older Bash Windows scripting language such as:
-Integration with Active Directory
-Cross platform
-ISE (Integrated Scripting Environment)
-Support of .NET
-Advanced scripting

Advanced system automation = Windows PowerShell

45
Q

Which is the more powerful Windows scripting language Bash or PowerShell?

A

PowerShell is by far more powerful than the older simplistic Bash language.

46
Q

Which scripting language uses the .vbs file extension?

A

Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting language uses .vbs - visual basic script.

VBS is used as a general purpose language inside Windows for:
-back-end web server scripting
-scripting on the Windows Desktop
-scripting on MS Office apps like Excel

Application automation = VBS

47
Q

What OS uses Shell script language?

A

Linux/Unix utilise the Shell scripting language to automate and extend the command line.

All Shell scripts (shebang, .sh) start with #!

48
Q

What’s the most commonly used browser scripting language?

A

JavaScript .js - is used in browsers to add interactivity to CSS and HTML. It is used on almost every website!

49
Q

What’s a good scripting language to write cross-platform scripts in?

A

Python .py

50
Q

What are some benefits of scripts?

A

Scripts - small code used to automate a process. They are very useful:
-Run as fast as the system can execute the code which makes them much quicker than manually typing and eliminate human error.
-Save a lot of time by automating mundane tasks like bulk installing applications, auto-restarting system when updates are done etc.
-Automatically map network shares to drive/s on login
-Integrate into Active Directory (PowerShell .ps1) - .ps1 the 1 stands for version 1 but they never changed it for version 2.
-Work cross-platform (Python .py)
-Automate browsers/allow interactivity on websites (JavaScript .js)
-Automate backups out of office hours

51
Q

What’s the difference in terms of pros and cons of RDP vs VNC (Virtual Network Computing)?

A

RDP is a Windows proprietary protocol that has some support for other OSs. It is more efficient and secure than VNC - often open source and works great cross-platform.

52
Q

Where would you commonly find a VPN concentrator in a network topology?

A

VPN concentrators are commonly found in Firewalls.
They encrypt and decrypt traffic on either end of a public network/internet.
They use the best encryption technologies so are very secure.

53
Q

What are MSP’s?

A

Managed Service Providers (MSP’s) provide IT services to clients. Such as:
-remote IT support/helpdesk
-network managing
-backup management and implementation
-IBM
-IT security

54
Q

What is RMM (Remote Monitoring and Management)?

A

RMM is software used by MSP’s (Managed Service Providers - IT service providers) to remotely:
-monitor hardware and software on systems
-check for anomalies
-patch OS’s

It’s a popular point of attack for hackers so always monitor who is using it and what for. Keep it locked down.

55
Q

What is Window’s Quick Assist?

A

A way for a remote “helper” to quickly (easily) access a users system remotely to help them with any issues.

Noob/user friendly RDP.

56
Q

What is the minimum RAM required to use Windows 11?

A

4GB+ of RAM is required to run ANY Win 11 Edition

57
Q

What is the minimum processor power and how many cores to run Windows 11?

A

1GHz+ Processor
Dual Core or more CPU cores. 2+ Cores for Win 11 OS.
Are required for ANY edition of Win 11.

58
Q

What would you use PXE for?

A

To remotely boot from a device/server on your network.

59
Q

What is WinRE for?

A

Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE) is a windows toolset that can be booted to. It is used to fix problems (corrupted/missing files, system instability, driver issues) with the Windows OS and the startup process - Startup Repair.

WinRE toolset to fix Win OS system issues - focused on REpairing OS.
It is based on the Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE) - used for the deployment, installation and recovery of Windows OS.

60
Q

What is WinPE?

A

Windows Pre-installation Environment is a lightweight version of Windows OS used for the deployment (installing on multiple systems), installation and customization of installation on systems.

WinPE is the Windows environment for the Windows Installer - lets you configure the installation process.

61
Q

Where to upgrade MacOS?

A

System Preferences/Software Update

62
Q

What’s augmented reality?

A

Blending/imposing virtual generated things (like video, documents sound) onto reality.

63
Q

Does Linux CLI use / or \ to move around directories/locations?

A

Linux and macOS use / forward slashes to move around directories:

cd /home/user/folder

Windows uses \ backslashes for directory navigation.

64
Q

Is Linux CLI case sensitive?

A

Yes. Linux and macOS Terminal are case sensitive.

Windows Command Prompt is not case sensitive.

65
Q

What does . wildcard represent in Win CLI?

A

. = ALL file names and types (.*)
* = ANY characters

66
Q

How to show hidden files on Windows?

A

File Explorer/View/Show

67
Q

What does the gpresult prompt display?

A

gpresult /r shows the current policy settings on a system

68
Q

What is NTP?

A

Network Time Protocol is a protocol that syncs system clocks between systems and servers.

Configuring an NTP server fixes continual Time Drift on a system.

69
Q

What’s TACACS+?

A

CISCO centralised authentication system protocol.

A+ 1102 (10 decks)

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