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General Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotic cell

A

Peptidoglycan is present in cell wall

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2
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Cell shape and staining charecters

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3
Q

Unique structure of bact cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Deficient cell wall bact

A

Mycoplasma

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5
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane function

A

Selective permeability
respiration and energy production
Role in binary fission
Excretion of hydrolytic enzymes

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6
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane can be detected by

A

Electron microscope

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7
Q

Which species form endospores

A

Bacillus species

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8
Q

High temp preferring bact

A

Thermophilic

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9
Q

Bact growth phase where growth is zero

A

Lag phase

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10
Q

Recovery and convalescence from disease corresponds to

A

Death phase

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11
Q

Flagella

A

Motility, has protein called flagellin

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12
Q

Organ of adhesion in bact

A

Pili

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13
Q

Plasmids

A

Extra chromosomal genetically element
Non essential for bact survival
Replicate independently of the chromosome
Small DNA molecules present in the cytoplasm of most bact
Not present in all bact
Carry genes for antibiotic resistance

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14
Q

Plasmid play role in

A

Bacterial resistance

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15
Q

Phenotypic variations are characterized by..

A

Occurrence in response to environmental factors

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16
Q

Artificial transformation is called

A

Transfection

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17
Q

Exotoxins

A

Produced by gram + bact
Protein in nature
High toxicity
Highly antigenic
Specific in action
Converted into toxoids by formalin

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18
Q

Bacterial resistance mechanism

A

Decreased permeability, Altered target site, enzymatic inactivation, active efflux

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19
Q

Bactericidal effect of quinolones depends on

A

Inhibit bacterial DNA

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20
Q

Opportunistic bacterial pathogens

A

Pseudomona aeruginosa, they occur when host immune system is weak

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21
Q

In generalized transduction

A

Virulent phage transferes bacterial genes

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22
Q

Can grow well in the absence of o2

A

Obligatory anaerobes

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23
Q

Bacteria multiply by

A

Binary fission

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24
Q

Most bacteria of medical importance are

A

Facultative anaerobes

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25
Q

Incubation period of disease corresponds with

A

Lag phase

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26
Q

Transduction is gene transfer by

A

Bacteriophage

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27
Q

Genotypic variations

A

Irreversible
Heritage
Change of genetic structure
Include mutation and gene transfer

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28
Q

Cell shape is determined by

A

Cell wall

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29
Q

Non essential structure of bact cell wall

A

Flagella

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30
Q

Endotoxins

A

Not protein in nature
Released by lysed bacterial cells
Part of cell wall in gram - bact
Not converted to toxoid by formalin
Heat stable

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31
Q

Non essential structures of bact cell

A

Flagella, pili (fimbriae), spores, capsule

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32
Q

Function of bacterial capsule

A

Anti phagocytic

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33
Q

Bactericidal effect of penicillin

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

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34
Q

First phase of bact growth curve

A

Lag phase

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35
Q

Bact was first observed and reported bys

A

Antony van leeuwenhoek

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36
Q

Germ theory of disease was postulated by

A

Louis pasteur

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37
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Louis pasteur

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38
Q

… introduced gram staining which made gram + and gram - bact

A

Christian Gram

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39
Q

… discovered penicillin first antibiotic

A

Alexander fleming

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40
Q

… developed electron microscope

A

Ernst Ruska

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41
Q

… developed the technique of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Kary mullis

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42
Q

The term vaccine was first coined by

A

Louis Pasteur

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43
Q

Eg that doesn’t follow Koch postulates

A

Mycobacterium Leprae

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44
Q

Blood grouping was discovered by

A

Karl landsteiner

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45
Q

… developed vaccine for rabies

A

Louis pasteur

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46
Q

… laid the foundations of immunochemistry

A

Karl Landsteiner

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47
Q

Measurement used in bacteriology

A

Micron

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48
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not have

A

Mitochondria

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49
Q

Prokaryotic cells measure … micro meter

A

1 - 8

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50
Q

One micron is … of a mm

A

One thousandth

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51
Q

Exciter filter and barrier filter are used in …. microscope

A

Fluorescent

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52
Q

Viruses can be examined under

A

Electron microscope

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53
Q

Only dead and dried objects can be examined in

A

Electron microscope

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54
Q

Muramic acid is present in cell wall content of

A

Bacteria

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55
Q

Method used for demonstration of spirochetes

A

Impregnation

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56
Q

Acid fast bact can be decolorised with … % of sulphuric acid

A

20

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57
Q

Acid fast staining was discovered by …

A

Ehrlich

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58
Q

Diplo bacilli arrangement is seen in

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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59
Q

Bacteria arranged in tetrads

A

Micrococcus

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60
Q

Bacteria arranged in eights

A

Sarcina

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61
Q

Bacteria with cuneiform arrangemt

A

Corynebacteria

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62
Q

Resolving power of electron microscope is…

A

0.1 nm

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63
Q

Branching filaments bact

A

Actinomycetes

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64
Q

Chinese letter pattern is seen in

A

Corynebacterium

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65
Q

… is used for negative staining

A

Nigrosin

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66
Q

Aromatic and sulphur containing Aminoacids are present in cell wall of

A

Gram - bacteria

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67
Q

Teichoic acid is present in

A

Staphylococcus

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68
Q

Example of differential staining

A

Acid fast

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69
Q

Organ of locomotion in bact

A

Flagella

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70
Q

… is demonstrated by plasmolysis

A

Cell wall

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71
Q

… acts as a semi permeable membrane

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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72
Q

… stain is used to demonstrate the granules of corynebacterium diphteriae

A

Alberts

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73
Q

… inhibits phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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74
Q

Capsule can be demonstrated by …

A

Quellung reaction

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75
Q

… antibodies are non protective but useful in sero diagnosis

A

Flagella antibodies

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76
Q

… help in adhesion

A

Pili

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77
Q

Capsulated bact eg.

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

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78
Q

… is present in gram - bact cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccarides, Outer membrane

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79
Q

… is analogous to the mitochondria of eukaryotes

A

Mesosomes

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80
Q

… transmits genetic informed from kne bact to another

A

Plasmids

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81
Q

… can be seen under light microscope

A

Capsule

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82
Q

… are centres of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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83
Q

When the flagella is arranged all around the cell it is called …

A

Peritrichous

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84
Q

When the polar flagella are in tufts, it is called as

A

Lophotrichous

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85
Q

Monotrichous flagellar arrangement is seen in

A

Vibrio

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86
Q

Spores can be destroyed by

A

Autoclaving

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87
Q

Highly resisting resting stages are called

A

Spores

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88
Q

… is formed when there is a depletion of exogenous nutrients

A

Spores

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89
Q

Cell wall def bact

A

Mycoplasma

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90
Q

… precedes by cell division in bacteria

A

Nuclear division

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91
Q

Generation time for coliform bacilli

A

20 minutes

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92
Q

Generation time for tubercule bacilli

A

20 hours

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93
Q

Generation time for lepra bacilli

A

20 days

94
Q

No appreciable increase in no. of bact cell is seen in …

A

Lag phase

95
Q

Depletion of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products are seen in

A

Stationary phase

96
Q

Cell death due to autolytic enzymes are seen in

A

Phase of decline

97
Q

Gram variability of bacteria is appreciated in

A

Stationary phase

98
Q

Involuntary forms are commonly seen in …. phase

A

Lag

99
Q

Exponentially phase precedes the

A

Lag phase

100
Q

Cell division stops in

A

Stationary phase

101
Q

Bacteria that derive energy from sunlight

A

Phototrophs

102
Q

…. bacteria are unable to grow with co2 as their sole source of carbon

A

Heterotrophs

103
Q

Water content of bact cell is

A

80%

104
Q

Obligate aerobe eg

A

Pseudomonas

105
Q

Bact growing in presence of co2

A

Capnopholic

106
Q

Bact that grows best at 20-45 Celsius are called..

A

Mesophilic

107
Q

Bacteria that grow best below 20 Celsius are..

A

Psychrophilic

108
Q

Bacteria that grow between 55 - 80 celcius

A

Thermophilic

109
Q

… are unaffected by drying

A

Spores

110
Q

A holding period of … is used to sterilize liquid paraffin

A

160 Celsius for one hour

111
Q

Bacteria used for Biological control of autoclave

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus

112
Q

Average pore diameter of membrane filter is … micro m

A

0.22

113
Q

The lowest temp that kills a bacterium under standard conditions in a given time is..

A

Thermal death point

114
Q

Drying in vacuum in the cold..

A

Deep freezing

115
Q

… does not possess deoxyribonucleoprotein

A

Bacteria

116
Q

Ionizing radiation are referred to as …

A

Cold sterilisation

117
Q

… is an example for alcoholic disinfectant

A

Isopropyl alcohol

118
Q

… tube is used for sterilization control for dry heat

A

Browne

119
Q

Carbolic acid eg

A

Phenol

120
Q

Media containing sugar can be sterilized using …

A

Tyndallisation

121
Q

Media containing sugar can be sterilized using …

A

Tyndallisatiob

122
Q

The temp used for flash process of pasteurization is …

A

72 Celsius for 20 seconds

123
Q

Temp for holder process of pasteurization

A

63 celcius for 30 minutes

124
Q

… filters tend to alkalinize filtered liquids

A

Asbestos filters

125
Q

Metallic salt used as mild antiseptic

A

Phenyl mercury nitrate

126
Q

Simple media eg

A

Nutrient agar

127
Q

Agar melts at … celcius

A

98 celcius

128
Q

Enriched media eg

A

Blood media

129
Q

Anaerobic media eg

A

Robertson cooked meat media

130
Q

Differential media eg

A

MacConkey’s medium

131
Q

Transport media eg

A

Stuarts medium

132
Q

… % of agar is used to prepare solid media

A

2 %

133
Q

… % of agr is used to prepare semi solid media

A

0.2 - 0.5 %

134
Q

… medium is used yo isolate fastidious organism

A

Chocolate agar

135
Q

Selective medium for Vibrio cholerae is

A

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose agar

136
Q

Anaerobic culture method eg

A

Gas pack method

137
Q

Potassium tellurite is an eg of … media

A

Indicator media

138
Q

… Chemical absorbs o2

A

Alkaline pyrogallol

139
Q

… can be used as reducing agent for maintain anaerobic condition

A

Thioglycollate

140
Q

Inoculation loop is made up of … wire

A

Platinum

141
Q

Optimum temp for bacterial growth in a medium is …

A

37 celcius for 24 hours

142
Q

… is used in separation of motile from non motile bacteria

A

Craigie’s tube

143
Q

The morphology and staining charecteristic helps in …

A

Preliminary identification of bacteria

144
Q

… is comma shaped bact

A

Vibrio

145
Q

… tube is used for determining gas production

A

Durham’s tube

146
Q

Colony size should be measured in

A

Millimeter

147
Q

Heat tolerance is used to identify … species

A

Enterococcus

148
Q

Stormy clot reaction is used to identify …

A

Clostrodium perfringens

149
Q

Indole test detects … enzyme

A

Tryptophanase

150
Q

PPA test detects … enzyme

A

Phenyl alanine deaminase

151
Q

… medium is used for Urease testing

A

Christensens

152
Q

… medium is used for citrate utilization test

A

Kosers

153
Q

Eg of phenotypic identification

A

Biochemical testing

154
Q

… is the standard taxonomical unit of biology

A

Species

155
Q

… is useful tool for identifying many new unculturable pathogens

A

16SrRNA

156
Q

A population of bacteria derived from a particular source is called as …

A

Strain

157
Q

Hierarchial classification based on evolutionary arrangement of species is called as … classification

A

Phylogenetic

158
Q

… type of intraspecies bacterial classification is based on biochemical properties

A

Bio type

159
Q

… type of intraspecies bacterial classification is based on antigenic features

A

Sero type

160
Q

… is not seen in DNA

A

Uracil

161
Q

A random, undirected, heritage variations caused by an alteration in the nucleotide sequence at some point of the DNA of the cell is called as ..

A

Mutation

162
Q

… is the transfer of genetic information through the free DNA

A

Transformation

163
Q

… is the transfer of genetic information through bacteriophage

A

Transduction

164
Q

… is the transfer of genetic information through sex pilus

A

Conjugation

165
Q

In microbial genetics F stands for …

A

Fertility

166
Q

… is the transfer factor that contains the genetic information for the formation of sex pilus

A

F Factor

167
Q

… experiment explains transformation

A

Griffith

168
Q

… are extrachromosomal genetic material

A

Plasmids

169
Q

… are the jumping genes

A

Transposons

170
Q

Parasite interactions where both host and parasite are benefited …

A

Mutualism

171
Q

The size of antibiotic disc is … in diameter

A

6mm

172
Q

Antibacterial susceptibility testing is performed in … medium

A

Muller Hinton agar

173
Q

… antibiotic is produced by by bacillus subtilis

A

Bacitracin

174
Q

Amantadine is a …

A

Antiviral drug

175
Q

Metronidazole

A

Inhibits protozoal metabolism

176
Q

Leprosy is not vaccine preventable

A

Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis are vaccine preventable

177
Q

BCG should be administered at …

A

Birth

178
Q

Varicella vaccine is recommended at … of age

A

9 months

179
Q

A second dose of TT to be given after … of first dose

A

One month

180
Q

… vaccine is administered for pregnant women

A

TT

181
Q

… needs to be tested only against urinary pathogens

A

Nitrofurantoin

182
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Louis pasteur

183
Q

Developed the first vaccine in the world

A

Edward jenner

184
Q

First vaccine developed in the world

A

Small pox

185
Q

Small pox was developed using … virus

A

Cowpox

186
Q

… is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery

A

Joseph lister

187
Q

… flourescent dye is used for malarial parasites

A

Acridine orange

188
Q

… flourscent dye is used M. Tuberculosis

A

Auramine phenol

189
Q

Invented electron microscope

A

Ernst Ruska

190
Q

Discovers PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

A

Karry B Mullis

191
Q

… is the common name for corynebacterium diphtheria

A

Klebloefflers bacillus

192
Q

… is the common name for burkholderia pseudomallei

A

Whitmore bacillis

193
Q

… is the common name for haemophilus influenza

A

Pfeiffer bacillus

194
Q

… is very useful in demonstration of bacterial capsules

A

Negative staining

195
Q

Lipids are stained by …

A

Sudan black

196
Q

… method is used for demonstration of bacterial flagella

A

Silver impregnation

197
Q

Examples of vital stains are

A

Eosin, Propidium iodine, Trypa blue, Neutral red, Erythrosine

198
Q

Examples of acid fast parasites …

A

Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora

199
Q

… method is used for staining spores

A

Schaeffer and Fulton method

200
Q

Example of pleomorphic GNB

A

Haemophilus

201
Q

Example of capsulated fungus

A

Cryptococcus

202
Q

… is the serological test for demonstration of capsule for Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Quelling reaction

203
Q

… method is used for demonstration of flagella

A

Leifsons method, Ryu’s method

204
Q

… method is used for demonstrating motility

A

Hanging drop

205
Q

Direct demonstrated of fimbriae is done by … microscopy

A

Electron microscopy

206
Q

Spores of … are used as sterilization control for autoclave

A

Geo bacillus stearo thermophilus

207
Q

Spores of non toxigenic strains of … are used as sterilization control for hot air ovens

A

Clostridium tetani

208
Q

Spores of … are used as agents of bioterrorism

A

Bacillus anthracis

209
Q

Surface viable count is done by … method

A

Miles and Misra

210
Q

Eg for obligate aerobe

A

Pseudomonas

211
Q

Eg for aerotolerant anaerobe

A

Clostridium histolyticum

212
Q

Eg for capnophilic bacteria is …

A

Brucella abortus

213
Q

Eg for obligate intercellular fungus …

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

214
Q

Pasteurization are used for killing all non sporing pathogens except

A

Coxiella burnetti

215
Q

… filters removes from the air 99.999% of particles of size >0.12micro m

A

ULPA

216
Q

… filters removes from the air 99.97% of particles of size >0.3micro m

A

HEPA

217
Q

… causes breakage of DNA without temp rise

A

Cold sterilization

218
Q

… is used for sterilization of endoscopes

A

Glutar aldehyde, Orthophth aldehyde

219
Q

… is the active ingredient of Dettol

A

Chloroxylenon

220
Q

… is a chemical sterility to disinfect hemodialyzers

A

Peracetic acid

221
Q

… is recently introduced sterilization device used for creating plasma state

A

Plasma sterilization

222
Q

… solution is used for eyes of infants to prevent opthalmia neonatorum

A

Silver nitrate 1%

223
Q

… is a widely used gaseous chemical sterilant

A

Ethylene oxide

224
Q

Alkaline peptone water is an enrichment broth used for

A

Vibrio cholerae

225
Q

… agar is used for isolation of enteric pathogens

A

XLD, DCA

226
Q

… is transport medium for Streptococcus

A

Pikes media

227
Q

… is transport medium for vibrio cholera

A

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Cary Blair, autoclaved sea water

228
Q

… is a quantitative method detecting MIC by using the principles of both the dilution and diffusion into the medium

A

E test or Epsilometer

229
Q

… is the drug resistance drug for MRSA

A

Mec A

230
Q

… method is used inoculate the organism onto MHA

A

Lawn culture

231
Q

… strains are used as control strains

A

American type culture collection

Microbiology (3 decks)

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