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Surgery M4 part 1 > General Local & Regional anesthesia > Flashcards

General Local & Regional anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the behavioral states that occur under general anesthesia?

A 
1- unconsciousness
2- amnesia 
3- analgesia 
4- akinesia  
5- hemodynamic stability
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2
Q

What are the stages of general anesthesia?

A

1- analgesia or disorientation
2- excitement or delirium
3- surgical anesthesia
4- stoppage of respiration till death

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3
Q

What should be given during the induction of general anesthesia?

A

IV anesthesia
gas
analgesia
muscle relaxant

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4
Q

What should be given to maintain general anesthesia?

A

inhalation + TIVA (total intravenous anesthesia)

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5
Q

What should be done for emergence from general anesthesia?

A
  • reverse anesthesia
  • reverse muscle relaxant
  • KEEP analgesic
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6
Q

What are the used hypnotics in GA?

A

propofol
ketamine
etomidate

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7
Q

What are the used analgesics for GA?

A

morphine
fentanyl
pethidine

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8
Q

What are the used muscle relaxants for GA?

A

succinylcholine
rocuronium
atracurium

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9
Q

What are the ASA standard monitors?

A

ECG
Pulse oximetry
blood pressure
capnographhy & temperature after sleep

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10
Q

What are the advanced monitoring systems?

A

DEPTH OF ANESTHESIA
- MAC: minimum alveolar concentration (0.7)
measured by gas analyzer
- EEG: BISPECTRAL INDEX (BIS) processes eeg data to numbers (40-60 is appropriate for GA)

INVASIVE MONITORS

  • arterial blood pressure
  • central venous pressure (IJV)
  • transesophageal-echocardiogram TEE

CARDIAC OUTPUT MONITORS
esophageal doppler probe

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11
Q

What are the benefits or a carbon dioxide absorbent (sodalime)?

A
  • prevents CO2 rebreathing
  • saves heat & humidity
  • saves anesthetic gases
  • decreases air pollution
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12
Q

What are the products of the chemical reaction caused by sodalime?

A
  • water
  • heat
  • calcium carbonate
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13
Q

How is oxygen stored in the main storage?

A

Liquid oxygen that’s transferred as gas through piplines to hospital rooms

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14
Q

What is the function of a double lumen endotracheal tube?

A

one lung ventilation

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15
Q

What type of anesthesia is the injection of local anesthesia into CSF?

A

Regional spinal anesthesia

used for any surgical procedure below the umbilicus

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16
Q

What are the absolute contraindications for spinal anesthesia?

A
  • patient refusal
  • infection at site of injection
  • uncorrected hypovolemia
  • allergy
  • increased intracranial pressure
17
Q

what are the relative contraindications for spinal anesthesia?

A
  • coagulopathy
  • sepsis
  • fixed cardiac output states
  • undetermined neurological disease
18
Q

What level should spinal anesthesia be injected at?

A

any level below the spinal cord (L1 - L2)

19
Q

What are the minor complications caused by spinal anesthesia?

A 
nausea & vomiting 
mild hypotension
shivering
itch
transient mild hearing impairment 
urinary retention
20
Q

what are the moderate complications of spinal anesthesia?

A

failed spinal

postdural puncture headache

21
Q

what are the major complications caused by spinal anesthesia?

A 
direct needle trauma
infection 
vertebral canal hematoma
spinal cord ischemia 
cauda equina syndrome 
arachnoiditis 
peripheral nerve injury 
total spinal anesthesia 
cardiovascular collapse 
death
22
Q

where is epidural anesthesia or analgesia injected?

A

local anesthesia injected at any level in the epidural space

23
Q

Why is epidural anesthesia & analgesia used?

A
  • to supplement general anesthesia
  • provide analgesia in the intraoperative, postoperative, peripartum, & end-of-life settings
  • primary anesthetic for some surgeries
24
Q

What is the function of Tuohy’s needle?

A
  • curved tip to allow easy insertion

- doesn’t puncture dura

25
Q

Nerve block is used for?

A

blocking a single nerve, plexus, or fascial plane

26
Q

What is local infiltration?

A

infiltration of local anesthesia at site of incision

Surgery M4 part 1 (47 decks)

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