General, Local and Regional Anaesthesia

Question 1

General anaesthesia

Patients are pre-? and usually have IV induction before ? maintenance with volatile agents.
o IV induction with ?/?.
o Volatile agents used include ?/?.
? induction can also be used, e.g. in needle phobics or in those where a difficult ? is expected.
o Inhalation induction maintains spontaneous ?.

Answer 1

o2
gas
thiopental
propofol
halothane
isoflurane
inhalation
intubation
respiration

Question 2

GA

? IV anaesthesia (TIVA) can also be used, and should be used in patients with PMH or FH of ? ?.
o ? agents are contraindicated in such patients.
Other advantages of TIVA are reduced PONV (stands for?), predictability in ? patients, and more control over ? of anaesthesia.

Answer 2

total
malignant hyperthermia
volatile
Post-operative nausea and vomiting
bariatric
depth

Question 3

GA

Rapid sequence induction (RSI) refers to the delivery of a ? acting ? ? immediately after the ? agent, without waiting to see if ? can be assisted with a ?-? system.
This then runs the risk of being unable to ?/? an unconscious patient, and thus ‘? ?’ equipment should always be available.
It is used to ? produce optimum conditions for intubation in the ? situation, e.g. non-? ? patients.

Answer 3

rapidly
m relaxant
induction
resp
bag-mask
intubate/ventilate
difficult airway
rapidly
emergency
starved
trauma

Question 4

The triad of general anaesthesia;

Narcosis: Patient rendered ?.
Analgesia: Lack of ? and suppression of physiological ?.
Relaxation: Reduction / absence of muscle ?, using ? ?.

Answer 4

unconscious
pain
reflexes
tone
m relaxants

Question 5

LA

Blockage of ? of nerve impulses along nerve ? by injection of ?, usually along side ? to vasoconstrict.
o The vasoconstriction increases ? and ? of anaesthesia.
Can be used ?(e.g. prior to cannulation in children) or by local ? for minor procedures (suturing).

Answer 5

conduction
axons
lignocaine
adrenaline
potency
duration
topically
infiltration

Question 6

Regional anaesthesia;

Local anaesthetic injected directly into minor (e.g. ?/ ?blockade) or major nerves (e.g. ? ? block), or the ?space/???.
o ?/? anaesthesia are types of regional anaesthetic.
The maximum safe dose of lignocaine is ?mg/kg.

Answer 6

ulnar
intercostal
brachial plexus
epidural
CSF
epidural
spinal
3