Effect on CV and Resp physiology + Risks

Question 1

GA

Cardiovascular; .

• Decreased myocardial ?, thus ? CO and ?-tension.
• ? can also develop.

Answer 1

contractility
decreased
hypotension
arrhythmias

Question 2

GA

Respiratory; .

• Respiratory ? can occur, alongside decreased ventilatory responses to ?/?.
• ? leading to airway obstruction can also occur.

Answer 2

depression
hypoxia/hypercapnia
laryngospasm

Question 3

Spinal

Cardiovascular;
Blockage of sympathetic nerves can lead to ? and ?.

Respiratory;
If ? are being used, respiratory depression can occur.

Answer 3

vasodilation
bradycardia
opiates

Question 4

Patients with pre-existing CV disease are at risk of perioperative myocardial
? and ?, so pre-operative assessment includes thorough CV assessment;
?, plus ? if warranted.

Patients with pre-existing respiratory disease are also at risk, particularly of ? complications, and again thorough assessment is requires;
?, ? analysis and pulmonary function testing pre-operatively.

Answer 4

ischaemia
infarction
ecg
echo

post-op
cxr
abg

Question 5

GA Risks

????.
?.
? under GA.
?: use rapid sequence induction if patient not ?
Cardio-respiratory issues.

Answer 5

PONV
anaphylaxis
awareness
aspiration
starved

Question 6

Spinal Risks

? disorder due to trauma.
High spinal block: depression of ?.
Urinary ? and bladder damage: ? to avoid this.
Cardio-respiratory issues.
Spinal ?.
????: if opiates used.

Answer 6

neuro
brain stem
retention
catheterize
headache
PONV