General Knowledge Flashcards
Definition of an Aeroplane:
Power driven heavier-than-air aircraft deriving its lift in flight from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces that remain fixed under given conditions of flight
What is a Fuselage?
Central body of aeroplane, accommodates crew, passengers, and cargo. Wings, tail assembly, landing gear and engine are attached to it
3 Types of Fuselages:
Truss Type
Monocoque
Semi-Monocoque
Describe Truss Type Fuselage
Frame of wood beams or metal tubes, on older aircraft, covered in fabric, metal, or composite, frame carries load and fuselage stresses
Two Components of Truss Type Fuselage
Warren Truss
N Girder
Describe Monocoque Fuselage
Stressed skin structure: skin carries some of the load (perfect = all of the load) formers (maintain shape), bulkheads (carry load)
Describe Semi-Monocoque
Combination of stressed skin and formers or frame system (bulkheads)
What is a Firewall?
Stainless steel sheet separates engine compartment from rest of fuselage
What are Wings?
Aerofoils attached to fuselage, produce lift required for aeroplane to fly
6 Classifications of Airplane by Wing Type:
Mono-plane Bi-Plane Tri-Plane High-Wing Mid-Wing Low-Wing
Different Shapes of Wings:
Elliptical Rectangular Sweepback Tapered Delta
What is the Chord?
Straight line joining leading and trailing edge of wing
What is the Camber?
Upper curvature of the wing
What is the Span?
Distance from wingtip to wingtip
What is the Wing Root?
Inboard section of wing closest to fuselage
What is Load Factor?
Actual load being imposed on wings vs weight of the aircraft
Describe Spars, Ribs, and False Ribs and their importance to Wing Construction
Spars - Run from Wing Root to Tip, carry most of load in flight, prevent torsion
Ribs - Give shape to Wing
False Ribs - Smaller ribs placed between leading edge of Wing and Front Spar
Describe Drag/Anti-Drag Wires, External Struts, Wing Tip Bow, and Compressions Struts, and their importance to Wing Construction:
Drag/Anti-Drag Wires - Provide additional support
External Struts - External bracing from fuselage
Wing Tip Bow - Curved metal tube giving wingtip its shape
Compression Struts - Steel tubes placed between spars prevent compression
Name 3 Different Types of Wings (Know the Difference between them):
Two-Spar Wing
Truss-Type Wing
Web Rib Wing
What is the Difference between Semi-Cantilever and Full Cantilever Wings?
Semi-Cantilever - Bracing supported by external struts
Full Cantilever - No external bracing
What are Flaps?
Moveable control surface hinged to inboard section of trailing edge of wing, change lift/drag characteristics of wing
What are Ailerons?
Moveable surface hinged to trailing edge of wing, provides lateral control, similar construction to wing
Name the Components of the Tail Section/Empennage:
Vertical Stabilizer Rudder Rudder Trim (fixed or hinged) Horizontal Stabilizer Elevator Elevator Trim Tab
Name 3 Different Tail Variations and Describe Them:
Conventional - Trim tab located on elevator
Stabilator - No fixed horizontal stabilizer (entire surface moves), anti-servo tab installed
Canard - Horizontal stabilizer and elevator located at the front of the aircraft (almost impossible to stall)
What are the 4 Empennage Classifications?
T-Tail
Mid-Tail
Conventional
V-Tail
What are the 2 Purposes of the Undercarriage?
Absorb shock of landing and support weight of aircraft on ground AND provide a means of manoeuvring the aircraft on the surface
Name 4 Classifications of Undercarriage:
Tail-Dragger
Tricycle Gear
Float
Flying Boat
4 Advantages of Nose Wheel Aircraft:
Greater visibility over nose during critical phases of flight
Nose over tendencies eliminated
Greater manoeuvrability on the ground (in cross-wind)
Easier to manoeuvre
4 Advantages of Tail-Wheel Aircraft
Less Drag
Cheaper and easier to build/maintain
Will sustain less propeller damage
More suitable for ski operations
4 Types of Shock Absorbers:
Low Pressure Tires
Oleo (Traditional shock absorber, forces oil through small hole)
Rubber (discs or doughnuts)
Steel Spring
What is the Purpose of Brakes?
Provide quick deceleration on runways, and allow tighter turning radius while taxiing (differential braking)
Things to Look Out for with Brakes:
Leave parking brake off if chocked
Hydraulic leak around main gear (red puddle)
Cracks in the pads
Rusting over long periods due to lack of use
How do Brakes work?
Hydraulic System - piston moves during braking, brake pads press against disc to slow wheel
What 2 Systems are Present on the Foot Pedals:
Rudder & Brake
Match the Control System to the Control: Torque Tube Push/Pull Rod Cable & Pulley AND Elevator Control Aileron Control Rudder Control
Torque Tube - Aileron Control
Push/Pull Rod - Elevator Control
Cable & Pulley - Rudder Control
Name 5 Different Stresses that an Aircraft can Experience:
Compression Tension Shearing Bending Torsion
What is the Purpose of the Propeller? And how does it do that?
Converts torque of crankshaft into thrust by pushing air backwards (Newton’s Third Law)
What is the Difference between a Propeller and a Jet Engine?
Propellers move a large mass or air backwards at a slow speed, Jet Engines move a small mass of air backwards at a high speed
Is a Propeller similar to a Wing?
Yes both meet airflow with a certain angle of attack producing lift and thrust (on prop: Lift = Thrust, and Drag = Torque)
What is Important about the construction of propeller blades?
Taper towards the tip and appear to twist (balances force produced along blade due to higher speed of tip compared to base)
What is Pitch?
Distance in feet a propeller travels forward in on revolution
What is the Difference between Theoretical/Geometric Pitch & Practical/Effective Pitch?
Theoretical is the distance the prop would travel if it were 100% efficient. Practical is the actual distance the prop travels
What is Propeller Slip?
Difference between theoretical and practical pitch
What are Coarse and Fine Pitch?
Coarse pitch means the prop has a large angle of attack (big bite of air), Fine pitch means the prop has a small angle of attack (small bite of air)
Describe Coarse Pitch:
Prop travels forward a greater distance with each revolution and moves at a slower speed (high gear in car)
Describe Fine Pitch
Propeller travels a smaller distance with each revolution and moves at a faster speed (Low gear in car)
What are the 2 Different Types of Propeller?
Fixed Pitch
Variable Pitch
Within Variable Pitch, name the 3 ways the pitch can be varied:
Adjustable Pitch
Controllable Pitch
Constant Speed
Describe Fixed Pitch Propellers
Pitch optimized for both climb and cruise performance - trade-off results in less efficiency, and increased fuel consumption
Describe Adjustable Pitch Propellers
Blade angle may be adjusted on the ground, can adapt aircraft to specific role, but can’t be adjusted in flight
Describe Controllable Pitch Propellers:
Blade angles may be adjusted in flight, can optimize performance for every phase of flight, but must be constantly adjusted to optimize
Describe Constant Speed Propellers:
Blade angles adjust automatically in flight to maintain constant RPM, is a more complex system, in these aircraft propeller lever will set RPM
What happens in a light single engine aircraft with a constant speed propeller when the engine fails or oil pressure is lost?
Prop goes to full fine
What does a Propeller Governor do?
Contains rotating flyweights that sense engine speed, allow oil to move through pitot valve to change blade angle
In Constant Speed Propeller Aircraft what do the throttle, propeller, and mixture control?
Throttle - Manifold Pressure
Propeller - RPM
Mixture - Air/Fuel Ratio
Steps for Power increase and power decrease in constant speed propeller aircraft:
Power Increase:
Mixture, Propeller, Throttle
Power Decrease
Throttle, Propeller, Mixture
What do Overspeed and Underspeed conditions do a Constant Speed Propeller Aircraft?
Negative Feedback, move propeller to angle that will optimize performance
What is the Purpose of Feathering?
Streamline propeller blades relative to airflow (done in multi-engine aircraft when one engine has failed)
What is Prop Reversing?
Use the propeller to aid in slowing aircraft on landing, moves blade past fine pitch so it produces negative thrust
What is the purpose of the Fuel System?
Store and Deliver proper amount of fuel to engine
What composes AVGAS?
Octane and Heptane
What is the role of Octane in fuel?
Prevent detonation of fuel, smooth controlled burning of mixture, used as a measurement of performance of gasoline
What happens if fuel grade is unavailable?
Use next higher available fuel grade
What is the colour of 80/87, 100LL, 100 (100/130) and Jet A1 fuel respectively?
Red, Blue, Green, Clear/Straw
What 2 additives are usually added to fuel?
Anti-icing additives (prevents formation of ice crystals - may clog filters), lead scavenging additives (reduce plug fouling due to lead and carbon deposits)
2 Safety notes to consider when refuelling
Always supervise refuelling
Aircraft must be grounded
2 Types of Fuel Systems:
Gravity Feed System
Fuel Pump System
Describe the Gravity Feed System:
Simple, used on high wing aircraft, switch allows tanks selection, strainer at lowest point to remove water/sediment, primer used to spray fuel into intake manifold or cylinder for starting
Describe Fuel Pump System
Used on low-wing aircraft, engine driven fuel pump, electrical pump, fuel pressure indicator part of instruments, switch allows for tank selection, equipped with strainer at lowest point for removal of water/sediment
Where are Fuel Tanks usually located?
Wings or Fuselage (metal or rubber)
3 Main Problems with Fuel Systems:
Detonation (rapid, uncontrolled burning)
Pre-Ignition (premature ignition)
Vapour Lock (fuel in gaseous state in fuel lines blocks flow of fuel)
Why is it important to drain part of fuel tanks before a flight?
May be contaminants in fuel tank
What colour are the throttle, propeller and mixture levers?
Black, Blue, and Red
What are the function of the carburetor?
Measures correct quantity of fuel, vaporizes fuel, delivers mixture to cylinders
What does the throttle control within the carburetor?
Amount of air allowed into the engine, through butterfly valve
What are the signs of a mixture that is too rich?
Low combustion temperature, unburned waste fuel expelled through exhaust, causes plug fouling, carbon deposits, rough running and loss of power
What are the signs that a mixture is too lean?
Hot engine, rough running, backfiring and detonation
Why is mixture control important?
Density altitude always changing, as we get higher we need different ratio of air/fuel mixture
When in doubt do we enrich or lean the mixture?
Always better to be on rich side
3 Methods to lean a mixture
RPM (once RPM hits a peak)
Fuel Flow Gauge (adjust to match numbers in POH)
Exhaust Gas Temperature (look for peak EGT for economy, just before peak for best power)
When does carburetor icing form?
Moist atmospheric conditions (high humidity), temperatures from -5 to +30
Method of carburetor icing:
Heat removed from fuel when vaporized, low pressure in venturi causes extreme cooling
Where is the worst forms of carb icing experienced?
-5 to +15
3 Types of Carburetor Icing:
Fuel Vaporization Ice (heat absorbed from surrounding air to vaporize fuel reduces temperature of air) Throttle Ice (Low pressure in venturi and passage around butterfly reduces air temperature) Impact Ice (Flying in moisture when temp below 0, ice forms on intake, and carb filter)
What is the purpose of Carburetor Heat?
To melt carb ice, uses air bypassed through exhaust system
What kind of mixture does the carb heat produce?
Richer mixture (because of less dense air) causes power loss, lean the mixture
Should you apply carb heat before or after you reduce power?
Before
Should carb heat be used on the ground?
Minimize the use of carb heat on the ground
What are some advantages of a fuel injection system?
No carb ice, better fuel flow, faster throttle response, precise control of mixture, better fuel distribution to each cylinder, easier cold weather starts, increased engine efficiency, if air intake is blocked, can use alternate air source
Disadvantages of Fuel Injection System:
Suffer from vapour lock during ground operation on hot days, difficult to start hot engine, hard to restart engine that failed because of fuel starvation
What is the purpose of a Turbocharger, and how does it work?
Compresses air, to trick engine into thinking it is at sea level = More power
What is the purpose of the Supercharger, and how does it work?
Compresses air, tricking engine into thinking it is at sea level = More Power
What is the difference between a Turbocharger, and a Supercharger?
Turbocharger uses the energy of the hot exhaust gases to power a compressor, Supercharger uses rotational energy of crankshaft to power compressor
What is the purpose of an exhaust system?
Collects and disposes of exhaust gases produced during combustion
2 Main types of Exhaust systems:
Short-Stack System (Non-turbocharged or low power engines, tube of each cylinder goes into main stack, 1 stack per side of engine) Collector System (larger engines, all turbocharged engines, exhaust gases gathered in one common collector tube, gases then directed to turbocharger or expelled through cowling
What is the purpose of the Ignition System?
To supply a spark to engine to ignite the fuel/air mixture
What are the main components of an ignition system?
2 Magnetos, 2 Spark Plugs in each cylinder, Ignition Leads, Magneto Switch
Describe the Magneto (IDK Just Do It)
Not attached to battery or electrical system, creates its own electrical current, distributes current to individual spark plugs when they are needed to fire
How does the Magneto generate its electrical current?
Coil of wire rotates between poles of magnet, driven from gear off engine, 2 sets of coils, first has low tension current which isn’t enough to induce spark. A breaker point rotates between open and closed which allows current to reach second coil in pulses, these pulses allow a high tension current to be produced, producing a spark
When the Mags are off what is the circuit doing, and when Mags are on, what is the circuit doing?
Mags off = circuit grounded
Mags on = completes circuit
Ground wire broken = live Mag
How many Magnetos and Spark Plugs are in the Engine?
2 Magnetos in Aircraft, One Spark plug in each cylinder per magneto (backups for safety, and improved engine performance)
When testing the Mags what is indicated by significant drop in power vs no drop in power?
Significant drop means damage to particular mag. No drop means that mag is live no matter what
What is Shielding?
Prevent ignition current from interfering with radios or other electrical systems, done by grounding all other system to airframe
When is the spark timed to fire for complete combustion of the mixture?
Slightly early (if incorrect many different problems can occur)
What is the purpose of the Electrical System?
Produce and distribute electrical energy, at proper voltage, to various electrical equipment
Components of the Electrical System:
Flaps Undercarriage COM and NAV Radios Lights Heaters Fans Anti-Ice and De-Ice Equipment Windshield Wipers Turn Co-Ordinator others
What is the normal voltage of the aircraft electrical system?
12 or 24 volts
Components of the Electrical System (The Nitty Gritty):
Storage Battery (12 volt in small a/c, lead-acid or nickel-cadmium) Master Switch (isolates entire electrical system from battery, activates battery solenoid which completes circuit) Starter Motor (rotate engine to commence operation, another solenoid activated to complete circuit between battery and starter motor, which turns the engine) Generators (Supply current to electrical system - charge battery, produce current proportional to engine RPM) Alternators (produce sufficient current at low engine RPM) Voltage Regulator (prevents generator or alternator from over-loading the system, prevents battery from overcharging) Bus Bar (Receives current from generator/alternator and battery, distributes through circuit breakers to various electrical components) Circuit Breakers or Fuses (Self-Explanatory, only reset once)
Why should the avionics master switch be off when starting an engine?
To prevent voltage spikes
What does an Ammeter show?
Measure amount of current being used
What does a Voltmeter show?
Indicates actual voltage present in electrical system
What to do in Generator/Alternator Failure?
Minimize loads in flight or battery will die
2 Types of Oxygen Systems:
Bottle System
Cabin Pressurization
What are the 3 Types of Piston Engines?
Radial (Circular, cylinder arranged around crank-case, odd number of cylinders, more than 9 arranged in 2 rows, good cooling, good power, easy to maintain, poor visibility, excessive drag) In-Line (Cylinders side by side, usually max of 6, engine may be inverted, greatest weight to horsepower ratio, less drag and better visibility) Horizontally Opposed (most common in small a/c, 2 rows of cylinder arranged horizontally, even number of cylinder, small frontal area, less drag)
Parts of the Reciprocating Engine
Intake Valve Exhaust Valve Spark Plugs Cylinder Piston Combustion Chamber Crankshaft Connecting Rod Piston Pin Piston Rings Cylinder Flange
4 Phases of the 4 Stroke Cycle
Intake
Compression
Ignition
Exhaust
What is Compression Ratio?
Volume of cylinder above piston at the bottom of compression stroke compared to top of compression stroke
What engine timing provides the best performance?
Valves open early or close late so there is no waste during intake of exhaust
2 Stroke Cycle differences compared to 4 Stroke Cycle
Same 4 strokes, compressed into one rotation of crank shaft
Features of Diesel Engines:
Air/Fuel mixture ignited due to air being heated due to compression, fuel is injected under pressure into combustion chamber
Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines:
Advantages: Fewer moving parts, greater power per pound of fuel, longer time between overhaul
Disadvantages: Heavier, cost more, harder to balance
3 Methods of Engine Cooling:
Air Cooled: Fins & Cowl Flaps
Liquid Cooled: Coolant
4 Functions of Oil:
Cooling
Sealing
Lubrication
Flushing
Requirements of Oil
Proper viscosity
High flash point
Low carbon content
Low pour point
Types of Oil
Mineral Oil (no additives, used to break-in engine, granular) Ashless Dispersent (contains dispersants, suspends contaminants)
4 Additives of Oil
Detergents (cleans engine)
Oxidation Inhibitors (improves stability)
Anticorrosion Additives - deter corrosion
Pour Point Depressants - lower pour point temperature
What is Splash Oil?
Oil contained in sump or reservoir, revolving crankshaft splashed down into oil, droplets spray over engine, cheap, simple, effective, lightweight
What is the Difference between Dry Sump and Wet Sump?
Dry Sump - Oil in separate tank, forced through hollow crankshaft, oil drained from sump through scavenging pump, goes through cooler and back into tank
Wet Sump - Oil in pan under crankcase, pumped to crankshaft, pushrods, bearings, some parts splash lubricated, oil drains back into sump, oil cooler may be installed in return line
What do Vents do in an oil tank?
Allow changes in pressure within tank, temperature change cause density changes, can be in cap of oil tank
What do filters do in oil tank?
Have bypass valves in case of clogging, dirty oil is better than no oil
What do pumps and oil coolers do in an oil tank?
Pumps also have bypass valves to allow oil to return to tank if excessive pressure, oil cooler is the same as a radiator
What is the difference between a flight plan and a flight itinerary?
Flight plan filed with ATC and has to be closed within 1 hour, flight itinerary is left with responsible person and must be closed within 24 hours
What is a Crosswind Component chart used for? (Do you know how to read one?)
Determine if the crosswind is within legal limits of the plane to takeoff/land
What is the max 90 degree crosswind all aircraft certified by the FAA should be able to handle?
20% of Stall Speed
Where are CRFIs or Runway Surface Condition Reports found?
NOTAMs
If the runway surface condition report gives 6/6/6 what does this mean?
The runway is in perfect condition allowing max braking
Know how to use interpolation to calculate points between known points
YES SIR
What is the difference between Ground Roll and Take-Off Distance?
Ground Roll: Distance from brake release to lift-off
Take-Off Distance: Distance from brake release to 50’ AGL
What is a Climb Performance Chart used to calculate?
Time to climb
Fuel burned during a climb
Distance covered during the climb
What is a Cruise Performance Chart used to calculate?
TAS during cruise
Fuel consumption during cruise
What are Range and Endurance Charts used to calculate?
Range of the a/c at a certain power setting
Endurance at a certain power setting
What is a Landing Performance Chart used to calculate?
Used to calculate ground roll and landing distance (must conform with conditions on chart)
What is the difference between Ground Roll and Landing Distance?
Ground Roll: Distance from touchdown to stopped
Landing Distance: Distance from 50’ AGL to stopped
Are Koch Charts important?
NOOOOO
What is inserted into a Performance Table?
All required data about the a/c and airport to see if a/c will meet required performance criteria
What is the effect of increased ground resistance on a take-off roll?
Will increase take-off ground rolls, and will have decreased landing rolls (unless they have limited friction)
What is the criteria for a runway to be considered contaminated?
Standing water, slush, snow/compacted snow, ice, or frost covering more than 25% of required length and width of surface
What is the equivalent of a shallow runway contamination?
3 mm of standing water
Deep contamination runway is standing water with a depth greater than 3 mm, True or False?
True
In an upslope runway how will take-off and landing rolls be impacted?
Take-off roll is increased
Landing roll is decreased
In a downslope runway how will take-off and landing rolls be effeted?
Take-off roll is decreased
Landing roll is increased
Can dry snow be removed with a broom or should de-icing fluids be used?
Can be removed with a broom
What are Type I de-icing fluids?
Unthickened hot liquid, good at deicing, not good at anti-ice
What are Type II de-icing fluids?
Contain over have glycols and have minimum freezing point of -32, thickened, can be de-ice or anti-ice, removed during take-off roll, used on a/c with rotation speed >100 knots
What are Type III de-icing fluids?
Between Type I and II, can be used on a/c with rotation speed < 100 knots
What are Type IV de-icing fluids?
Same as Type II with longer holdover time
What is Holdover Time?
Estimated period for which anti-icing/de-icing fluids will prevent contamination on surfaces
What is Cold Soaking?
A/c is refuelled with cold fuel, if moisture is in air, can cause contamination of cold control surfaces
If ice is present on plane how are the characteristics of the plane affected?
Reduce lift up to 30%
Increase drag up to 40%
What is the recovery for a Tailplane Stall?
Occurs when flaps extended on approach, pull back and raise flaps if nose drops
What is the recovery to Roll Upset?
Un-commanded roll because of ice on ailerons, lower nose and add power, do not retract flaps
What airplanes give off the greatest intensity wake turbulence?
Slow, clean, and heavy
How do wingtip vortices move?
Downwards and outwards
When does wake turbulence begin and end?
Start: Point of Rotation
End: Point of Touchdown
When should you take-off/land if behind bigger airplane?
Take-off: before rotation point of prior a/c
Land: Past touchdown point of prior a/c
How long should you wait for wake turbulence to dissipate?
2 minutes (ATC will most likely provide separation)
What is jet blast and what types of a/c produce it?
Accelerated air coming out the back of jet engines, can upset smaller a/c on the ground, all a/c produce it (prop wash, helicopter wingtip vortices)
What is Wheelbarrowing?
Tricycle gear a/c on take-off/landing when weight is on nose wheel
Hydroplaning?
Wheels moving on top of a wet surface. Three Types:
Viscous - thin film of water at low speeds, doubles stopping distance
Dynamic - Deep water, complete loss of contact with tire
Reverted-Rubber - locked tire skidding on icy/wet runway, steam causes tire to lift off runway
How to calculate pressure altitude?
Subtract current altimeter setting from standard pressure, multiply by 100 and either add or subtract it from airport elevation
What does a Taxiway Location Sign look like?
Yellow lettering on a black background
What does a Runway Location Sign look like?
Yellow numbers on a black background
What does a Maneuvering Area Boundary look like? And what is it used for?
Single dashed and solid line, and used to separate apron from taxiways
What does a Runway Holding Position Sign look like?
White numbers on red background. Number on left means threshold of that runway is on the left and vice versa
What does a Runway Holding Position Marking look like? And what does it represent?
Two sets of dashed and solid yellow lines, separates taxiways and runways, must hold on solid line side
What does a Taxiway Holding Position Marking look like?
One singular dashed yellow line
What does a Runway Exit Sign look like?
Black lettering on yellow background with arrow pointing towards taxiway
What does an ILS Holding Position Marking look like? And what is it used for?
Two solid yellow lines connected by pairs of yellow lines. Must hold short if a/c on instrument approach
Know how to read intersection arrays
YES SIR
Know all the hotspots and taxi routes at CYKF
Sir Yes Sir
What is a Hotspot?
Location on an aerodrome maneuvering area that has a history or potential of collision or runway incursion, extra pilot attention is necessary
08/Charlie Hotspot
Outbound - Which runway is in use? Are you sure you were cleared to cross?
Inbound - Are you supposed to hold short of Charlie?
32-14/Alpha Hotspot
Inbound: Were you instructed to hold short of Alpha?
If you are unsure about any clearance what do you do?
Ask ATC
How long do you have to maintain an altitude restriction?
Until the restriction is cancelled or you receive a clearance/instruction that supersedes it
What are the two main considerations when calculating weight and balance?
Ensure a/c is within centre of gravity and maximum gross weight limits
What is Standard Empty Weight?
Weight of a/c w/ standard equipment and unusable fuel and oil
What is Optional Equipment?
Additional instruments and radio equipment
What is Basic Empty Weight?
Weight of a/c w/ optional equipment and full oil/coolant, and unusable fuel
What is Useful Load?
Difference between MGTOW and basic empty weight (fuel, pilots, passengers, cargo, etc.)
Name the Standard Weight in Summer and Winter for Males, Females, Children, and Infants
Male (S): 206 (W): 212 lbs
Female (S): 172 (W): 178 lbs
Children (S): 75 (W): 75 lbs
Infants (S): 30 (W): 30 lbs
How much do you deduct from standard weight if no carry-on baggage is being used?
13 lbs
How much does standard summer, and winter clothing weigh?
Summer: 8 lbs
Winter: 14 lbs
What is preferred actual or standard weight?
Actual
Where can the arms for different areas of the plane be found?
POH
Know how to fill out a weight and balance form
YES YES SIR
What is the formula for moving weight
W of item to move/W of loaded a/c = D C of G must move/D between arms
What is the difference between Static and Dynamic Stability?
Static: Initial tendency to return
Dynamic: Overall tendency to return
What is the difference between Positive, Neutral, and Negative stability?
Positive: Return to starting point
Neutral: Stays in spot you left it
Negative: Goes further than where you left it
What is Longitudinal Stability?
Stability about the lateral axis (or pitch stability), influenced by Horizontal Stabilizer and C of G position
What Effects does a Forward C of G have, versus an Aft C of G?
Forward: Positive static stability, tail-down force required, effective weight increases, stall speed increases, TAS decreases
Aft: Neutral static stability, no tail-down force
What is Static Pressure?
Ambient pressure of the atmosphere, measured in the static port
What is Total Pressure?
Pressure inside pitot tube as a/c moves forward, includes both static pressure and ram air pressure
What is Dynamic Pressure?
Difference between Total and Static Pressure, direct indication of forward speed
Know what the Pitot Tube and Static Port are and what they are used for
YES SIR
What is the only instrument connected to the Pitot Tube?
Airspeed Indicator
Name all 3 Pitot-Static Instruments
Airspeed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Altimeter
What is the difference between True and Absolute Altitude?
True: Distance above MSL
Absolute: Altitude above surfacw
What does the Altimeter measure when set to current altimeter setting?
Height above MSL
What is the construction of an Altimeter?
Wafers filled with standard sea level air, case surrounding it with static pressure
What do you do if you don’t have the current altimeter setting?
Set altitude to elevation of aerodrome
Name 6 Errors of Altimeters:
Position - During slips, because of position of static port
Scale - Caused by aneroids not being precise enough
Mechanical - Misalignment/slippage of gears
Density - Only time altimeter is correct is when on ground at field elevation, or when standard atmosphere, due to changes in pressure and temperature
Hysteresis - Lag due to elastic properties
Reversal - During rapid attitude changes, only momentary
How is the VSI constructed?
Diaphragm connected to static, case is vented to static through calibrated leak, expansion or contraction measured to determine rate of change of altitude
What is the one error associated with VSI?
Lag error - takes 6-9 seconds to produce the actual rate of climb/descent
What are the 4 different types of airspeeds?
Indicated - uncorrected, shown on airspeed indicator, measurement of dynamic pressure
Calibrated - IAS corrected for instrument/position error
Equivalent - CAS corrected for compressibility factor
True - CAS or EAS correct for air density
What is Vne, Vno, White Arc, Vfe, Vso, and Va?
Vne - Never exceed speed Vno - Maximum structural cruise speed (yellow), max speed for normal operation (green) White Arc - Flap Operating Range Vfe - Maximum flaps extended speed Vso - Stall Speed/Landing configuration Va - Manoeuvring Speed
What are the principles of Airspeed Indicator construction?
Comparison of static and total pressure to get dynamic pressure
What are 4 errors of the ASI?
Density - Static pressure decreases with altitude, true airspeed higher than indicated (2& increase in IAS for every 1000 ft)
Instrument - Mechanical errors in instrument
Hysteresis - Elastic properties
Position - disruption of airflow to pitot tube or static port
In a left slip what does the IAS do, and what does it do in a right slip?
Left slip - airspeed under reads, we are faster than IAS
Right slip - airspeed over reads, we are slower than IAS
Memorize all pitot-static blockages
Yes MAam
Which instrument would you break if static sources are blocked?
VSI
What 3 instruments are linked to the gyroscopic system?
Attitude Indicator
Heading Indicator
Turn Coordinator
What are the 2 principles that a gyroscope functions on?
Rigidity in Space
Precession
Which 2 instruments function on rigidity in space?
Attitude Indicator
Heading Indicator
