General Knowledge Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of an Aeroplane:
A
Power driven heavier-than-air aircraft deriving its lift in flight from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces that remain fixed under given conditions of flight
2
Q
What is a Fuselage?
A
Central body of aeroplane, accommodates crew, passengers, and cargo. Wings, tail assembly, landing gear and engine are attached to it
3
Q
3 Types of Fuselages:
A
Truss Type
Monocoque
Semi-Monocoque
4
Q
Describe Truss Type Fuselage
A
Frame of wood beams or metal tubes, on older aircraft, covered in fabric, metal, or composite, frame carries load and fuselage stresses
5
Q
Two Components of Truss Type Fuselage
A
Warren Truss
N Girder
6
Q
Describe Monocoque Fuselage
A
Stressed skin structure: skin carries some of the load (perfect = all of the load) formers (maintain shape), bulkheads (carry load)
7
Q
Describe Semi-Monocoque
A
Combination of stressed skin and formers or frame system (bulkheads)
8
Q
What is a Firewall?
A
Stainless steel sheet separates engine compartment from rest of fuselage
9
Q
What are Wings?
A
Aerofoils attached to fuselage, produce lift required for aeroplane to fly
10
Q
6 Classifications of Airplane by Wing Type:
A
Mono-plane Bi-Plane Tri-Plane High-Wing Mid-Wing Low-Wing
11
Q
Different Shapes of Wings:
A
Elliptical Rectangular Sweepback Tapered Delta
12
Q
What is the Chord?
A
Straight line joining leading and trailing edge of wing
13
Q
What is the Camber?
A
Upper curvature of the wing
14
Q
What is the Span?
A
Distance from wingtip to wingtip
15
Q
What is the Wing Root?
A
Inboard section of wing closest to fuselage
16
Q
What is Load Factor?
A
Actual load being imposed on wings vs weight of the aircraft
17
Q
Describe Spars, Ribs, and False Ribs and their importance to Wing Construction
A
Spars - Run from Wing Root to Tip, carry most of load in flight, prevent torsion
Ribs - Give shape to Wing
False Ribs - Smaller ribs placed between leading edge of Wing and Front Spar
18
Q
Describe Drag/Anti-Drag Wires, External Struts, Wing Tip Bow, and Compressions Struts, and their importance to Wing Construction:
A
Drag/Anti-Drag Wires - Provide additional support
External Struts - External bracing from fuselage
Wing Tip Bow - Curved metal tube giving wingtip its shape
Compression Struts - Steel tubes placed between spars prevent compression
19
Q
Name 3 Different Types of Wings (Know the Difference between them):
A
Two-Spar Wing
Truss-Type Wing
Web Rib Wing
20
Q
What is the Difference between Semi-Cantilever and Full Cantilever Wings?
A
Semi-Cantilever - Bracing supported by external struts
Full Cantilever - No external bracing
21
Q
What are Flaps?
A
Moveable control surface hinged to inboard section of trailing edge of wing, change lift/drag characteristics of wing
22
Q
What are Ailerons?
A
Moveable surface hinged to trailing edge of wing, provides lateral control, similar construction to wing
23
Q
Name the Components of the Tail Section/Empennage:
A
Vertical Stabilizer Rudder Rudder Trim (fixed or hinged) Horizontal Stabilizer Elevator Elevator Trim Tab
24
Q
Name 3 Different Tail Variations and Describe Them:
A
Conventional - Trim tab located on elevator
Stabilator - No fixed horizontal stabilizer (entire surface moves), anti-servo tab installed
Canard - Horizontal stabilizer and elevator located at the front of the aircraft (almost impossible to stall)
25
What are the 4 Empennage Classifications?
T-Tail
Mid-Tail
Conventional
V-Tail
26
What are the 2 Purposes of the Undercarriage?
Absorb shock of landing and support weight of aircraft on ground AND provide a means of manoeuvring the aircraft on the surface
27
Name 4 Classifications of Undercarriage:
Tail-Dragger
Tricycle Gear
Float
Flying Boat
28
4 Advantages of Nose Wheel Aircraft:
Greater visibility over nose during critical phases of flight
Nose over tendencies eliminated
Greater manoeuvrability on the ground (in cross-wind)
Easier to manoeuvre
29
4 Advantages of Tail-Wheel Aircraft
Less Drag
Cheaper and easier to build/maintain
Will sustain less propeller damage
More suitable for ski operations
30
4 Types of Shock Absorbers:
Low Pressure Tires
Oleo (Traditional shock absorber, forces oil through small hole)
Rubber (discs or doughnuts)
Steel Spring
31
What is the Purpose of Brakes?
Provide quick deceleration on runways, and allow tighter turning radius while taxiing (differential braking)
32
Things to Look Out for with Brakes:
Leave parking brake off if chocked
Hydraulic leak around main gear (red puddle)
Cracks in the pads
Rusting over long periods due to lack of use
33
How do Brakes work?
Hydraulic System - piston moves during braking, brake pads press against disc to slow wheel
34
What 2 Systems are Present on the Foot Pedals:
Rudder & Brake
35
```
Match the Control System to the Control:
Torque Tube
Push/Pull Rod
Cable & Pulley
AND
Elevator Control
Aileron Control
Rudder Control
```
Torque Tube - Aileron Control
Push/Pull Rod - Elevator Control
Cable & Pulley - Rudder Control
36
Name 5 Different Stresses that an Aircraft can Experience:
```
Compression
Tension
Shearing
Bending
Torsion
```
37
What is the Purpose of the Propeller? And how does it do that?
Converts torque of crankshaft into thrust by pushing air backwards (Newton's Third Law)
38
What is the Difference between a Propeller and a Jet Engine?
Propellers move a large mass or air backwards at a slow speed, Jet Engines move a small mass of air backwards at a high speed
39
Is a Propeller similar to a Wing?
Yes both meet airflow with a certain angle of attack producing lift and thrust (on prop: Lift = Thrust, and Drag = Torque)
40
What is Important about the construction of propeller blades?
Taper towards the tip and appear to twist (balances force produced along blade due to higher speed of tip compared to base)
41
What is Pitch?
Distance in feet a propeller travels forward in on revolution
42
What is the Difference between Theoretical/Geometric Pitch & Practical/Effective Pitch?
Theoretical is the distance the prop would travel if it were 100% efficient. Practical is the actual distance the prop travels
43
What is Propeller Slip?
Difference between theoretical and practical pitch
44
What are Coarse and Fine Pitch?
Coarse pitch means the prop has a large angle of attack (big bite of air), Fine pitch means the prop has a small angle of attack (small bite of air)
45
Describe Coarse Pitch:
Prop travels forward a greater distance with each revolution and moves at a slower speed (high gear in car)
46
Describe Fine Pitch
Propeller travels a smaller distance with each revolution and moves at a faster speed (Low gear in car)
47
What are the 2 Different Types of Propeller?
Fixed Pitch
| Variable Pitch
48
Within Variable Pitch, name the 3 ways the pitch can be varied:
Adjustable Pitch
Controllable Pitch
Constant Speed
49
Describe Fixed Pitch Propellers
Pitch optimized for both climb and cruise performance - trade-off results in less efficiency, and increased fuel consumption
50
Describe Adjustable Pitch Propellers
Blade angle may be adjusted on the ground, can adapt aircraft to specific role, but can't be adjusted in flight
51
Describe Controllable Pitch Propellers:
Blade angles may be adjusted in flight, can optimize performance for every phase of flight, but must be constantly adjusted to optimize
52
Describe Constant Speed Propellers:
Blade angles adjust automatically in flight to maintain constant RPM, is a more complex system, in these aircraft propeller lever will set RPM
53
What happens in a light single engine aircraft with a constant speed propeller when the engine fails or oil pressure is lost?
Prop goes to full fine
54
What does a Propeller Governor do?
Contains rotating flyweights that sense engine speed, allow oil to move through pitot valve to change blade angle
55
In Constant Speed Propeller Aircraft what do the throttle, propeller, and mixture control?
Throttle - Manifold Pressure
Propeller - RPM
Mixture - Air/Fuel Ratio
56
Steps for Power increase and power decrease in constant speed propeller aircraft:
Power Increase:
Mixture, Propeller, Throttle
Power Decrease
Throttle, Propeller, Mixture
57
What do Overspeed and Underspeed conditions do a Constant Speed Propeller Aircraft?
Negative Feedback, move propeller to angle that will optimize performance
58
What is the Purpose of Feathering?
Streamline propeller blades relative to airflow (done in multi-engine aircraft when one engine has failed)
59
What is Prop Reversing?
Use the propeller to aid in slowing aircraft on landing, moves blade past fine pitch so it produces negative thrust
60
What is the purpose of the Fuel System?
Store and Deliver proper amount of fuel to engine
61
What composes AVGAS?
Octane and Heptane
62
What is the role of Octane in fuel?
Prevent detonation of fuel, smooth controlled burning of mixture, used as a measurement of performance of gasoline
63
What happens if fuel grade is unavailable?
Use next higher available fuel grade
64
What is the colour of 80/87, 100LL, 100 (100/130) and Jet A1 fuel respectively?
Red, Blue, Green, Clear/Straw
65
What 2 additives are usually added to fuel?
Anti-icing additives (prevents formation of ice crystals - may clog filters), lead scavenging additives (reduce plug fouling due to lead and carbon deposits)
66
2 Safety notes to consider when refuelling
Always supervise refuelling
| Aircraft must be grounded
67
2 Types of Fuel Systems:
Gravity Feed System
| Fuel Pump System
68
Describe the Gravity Feed System:
Simple, used on high wing aircraft, switch allows tanks selection, strainer at lowest point to remove water/sediment, primer used to spray fuel into intake manifold or cylinder for starting
69
Describe Fuel Pump System
Used on low-wing aircraft, engine driven fuel pump, electrical pump, fuel pressure indicator part of instruments, switch allows for tank selection, equipped with strainer at lowest point for removal of water/sediment
70
Where are Fuel Tanks usually located?
Wings or Fuselage (metal or rubber)
71
3 Main Problems with Fuel Systems:
Detonation (rapid, uncontrolled burning)
Pre-Ignition (premature ignition)
Vapour Lock (fuel in gaseous state in fuel lines blocks flow of fuel)
72
Why is it important to drain part of fuel tanks before a flight?
May be contaminants in fuel tank
73
What colour are the throttle, propeller and mixture levers?
Black, Blue, and Red
74
What are the function of the carburetor?
Measures correct quantity of fuel, vaporizes fuel, delivers mixture to cylinders
75
What does the throttle control within the carburetor?
Amount of air allowed into the engine, through butterfly valve
76
What are the signs of a mixture that is too rich?
Low combustion temperature, unburned waste fuel expelled through exhaust, causes plug fouling, carbon deposits, rough running and loss of power
77
What are the signs that a mixture is too lean?
Hot engine, rough running, backfiring and detonation
78
Why is mixture control important?
Density altitude always changing, as we get higher we need different ratio of air/fuel mixture
79
When in doubt do we enrich or lean the mixture?
Always better to be on rich side
80
3 Methods to lean a mixture
RPM (once RPM hits a peak)
Fuel Flow Gauge (adjust to match numbers in POH)
Exhaust Gas Temperature (look for peak EGT for economy, just before peak for best power)
81
When does carburetor icing form?
Moist atmospheric conditions (high humidity), temperatures from -5 to +30
82
Method of carburetor icing:
Heat removed from fuel when vaporized, low pressure in venturi causes extreme cooling
83
Where is the worst forms of carb icing experienced?
-5 to +15
84
3 Types of Carburetor Icing:
```
Fuel Vaporization Ice (heat absorbed from surrounding air to vaporize fuel reduces temperature of air)
Throttle Ice (Low pressure in venturi and passage around butterfly reduces air temperature)
Impact Ice (Flying in moisture when temp below 0, ice forms on intake, and carb filter)
```
85
What is the purpose of Carburetor Heat?
To melt carb ice, uses air bypassed through exhaust system
86
What kind of mixture does the carb heat produce?
Richer mixture (because of less dense air) causes power loss, lean the mixture
87
Should you apply carb heat before or after you reduce power?
Before
88
Should carb heat be used on the ground?
Minimize the use of carb heat on the ground
89
What are some advantages of a fuel injection system?
No carb ice, better fuel flow, faster throttle response, precise control of mixture, better fuel distribution to each cylinder, easier cold weather starts, increased engine efficiency, if air intake is blocked, can use alternate air source
90
Disadvantages of Fuel Injection System:
Suffer from vapour lock during ground operation on hot days, difficult to start hot engine, hard to restart engine that failed because of fuel starvation
91
What is the purpose of a Turbocharger, and how does it work?
Compresses air, to trick engine into thinking it is at sea level = More power
92
What is the purpose of the Supercharger, and how does it work?
Compresses air, tricking engine into thinking it is at sea level = More Power
93
What is the difference between a Turbocharger, and a Supercharger?
Turbocharger uses the energy of the hot exhaust gases to power a compressor, Supercharger uses rotational energy of crankshaft to power compressor
94
What is the purpose of an exhaust system?
Collects and disposes of exhaust gases produced during combustion
95
2 Main types of Exhaust systems:
```
Short-Stack System (Non-turbocharged or low power engines, tube of each cylinder goes into main stack, 1 stack per side of engine)
Collector System (larger engines, all turbocharged engines, exhaust gases gathered in one common collector tube, gases then directed to turbocharger or expelled through cowling
```
96
What is the purpose of the Ignition System?
To supply a spark to engine to ignite the fuel/air mixture
97
What are the main components of an ignition system?
2 Magnetos, 2 Spark Plugs in each cylinder, Ignition Leads, Magneto Switch
98
Describe the Magneto (IDK Just Do It)
Not attached to battery or electrical system, creates its own electrical current, distributes current to individual spark plugs when they are needed to fire
99
How does the Magneto generate its electrical current?
Coil of wire rotates between poles of magnet, driven from gear off engine, 2 sets of coils, first has low tension current which isn't enough to induce spark. A breaker point rotates between open and closed which allows current to reach second coil in pulses, these pulses allow a high tension current to be produced, producing a spark
100
When the Mags are off what is the circuit doing, and when Mags are on, what is the circuit doing?
Mags off = circuit grounded
Mags on = completes circuit
Ground wire broken = live Mag
101
How many Magnetos and Spark Plugs are in the Engine?
2 Magnetos in Aircraft, One Spark plug in each cylinder per magneto (backups for safety, and improved engine performance)
102
When testing the Mags what is indicated by significant drop in power vs no drop in power?
Significant drop means damage to particular mag. No drop means that mag is live no matter what
103
What is Shielding?
Prevent ignition current from interfering with radios or other electrical systems, done by grounding all other system to airframe
104
When is the spark timed to fire for complete combustion of the mixture?
Slightly early (if incorrect many different problems can occur)
105
What is the purpose of the Electrical System?
Produce and distribute electrical energy, at proper voltage, to various electrical equipment
106
Components of the Electrical System:
```
Flaps
Undercarriage
COM and NAV Radios
Lights
Heaters
Fans
Anti-Ice and De-Ice Equipment
Windshield Wipers
Turn Co-Ordinator
others
```
107
What is the normal voltage of the aircraft electrical system?
12 or 24 volts
108
Components of the Electrical System (The Nitty Gritty):
```
Storage Battery (12 volt in small a/c, lead-acid or nickel-cadmium)
Master Switch (isolates entire electrical system from battery, activates battery solenoid which completes circuit)
Starter Motor (rotate engine to commence operation, another solenoid activated to complete circuit between battery and starter motor, which turns the engine)
Generators (Supply current to electrical system - charge battery, produce current proportional to engine RPM)
Alternators (produce sufficient current at low engine RPM)
Voltage Regulator (prevents generator or alternator from over-loading the system, prevents battery from overcharging)
Bus Bar (Receives current from generator/alternator and battery, distributes through circuit breakers to various electrical components)
Circuit Breakers or Fuses (Self-Explanatory, only reset once)
```
109
Why should the avionics master switch be off when starting an engine?
To prevent voltage spikes
110
What does an Ammeter show?
Measure amount of current being used
111
What does a Voltmeter show?
Indicates actual voltage present in electrical system
112
What to do in Generator/Alternator Failure?
Minimize loads in flight or battery will die
113
2 Types of Oxygen Systems:
Bottle System
| Cabin Pressurization
114
What are the 3 Types of Piston Engines?
```
Radial (Circular, cylinder arranged around crank-case, odd number of cylinders, more than 9 arranged in 2 rows, good cooling, good power, easy to maintain, poor visibility, excessive drag)
In-Line (Cylinders side by side, usually max of 6, engine may be inverted, greatest weight to horsepower ratio, less drag and better visibility)
Horizontally Opposed (most common in small a/c, 2 rows of cylinder arranged horizontally, even number of cylinder, small frontal area, less drag)
```
115
Parts of the Reciprocating Engine
```
Intake Valve
Exhaust Valve
Spark Plugs
Cylinder
Piston
Combustion Chamber
Crankshaft
Connecting Rod
Piston Pin
Piston Rings
Cylinder Flange
```
116
4 Phases of the 4 Stroke Cycle
Intake
Compression
Ignition
Exhaust
117
What is Compression Ratio?
Volume of cylinder above piston at the bottom of compression stroke compared to top of compression stroke
118
What engine timing provides the best performance?
Valves open early or close late so there is no waste during intake of exhaust
119
2 Stroke Cycle differences compared to 4 Stroke Cycle
Same 4 strokes, compressed into one rotation of crank shaft
120
Features of Diesel Engines:
Air/Fuel mixture ignited due to air being heated due to compression, fuel is injected under pressure into combustion chamber
121
Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines:
Advantages: Fewer moving parts, greater power per pound of fuel, longer time between overhaul
Disadvantages: Heavier, cost more, harder to balance
122
3 Methods of Engine Cooling:
Air Cooled: Fins & Cowl Flaps
| Liquid Cooled: Coolant
123
4 Functions of Oil:
Cooling
Sealing
Lubrication
Flushing
124
Requirements of Oil
Proper viscosity
High flash point
Low carbon content
Low pour point
125
Types of Oil
```
Mineral Oil (no additives, used to break-in engine, granular)
Ashless Dispersent (contains dispersants, suspends contaminants)
```
126
4 Additives of Oil
Detergents (cleans engine)
Oxidation Inhibitors (improves stability)
Anticorrosion Additives - deter corrosion
Pour Point Depressants - lower pour point temperature
127
What is Splash Oil?
Oil contained in sump or reservoir, revolving crankshaft splashed down into oil, droplets spray over engine, cheap, simple, effective, lightweight
128
What is the Difference between Dry Sump and Wet Sump?
Dry Sump - Oil in separate tank, forced through hollow crankshaft, oil drained from sump through scavenging pump, goes through cooler and back into tank
Wet Sump - Oil in pan under crankcase, pumped to crankshaft, pushrods, bearings, some parts splash lubricated, oil drains back into sump, oil cooler may be installed in return line
129
What do Vents do in an oil tank?
Allow changes in pressure within tank, temperature change cause density changes, can be in cap of oil tank
130
What do filters do in oil tank?
Have bypass valves in case of clogging, dirty oil is better than no oil
131
What do pumps and oil coolers do in an oil tank?
Pumps also have bypass valves to allow oil to return to tank if excessive pressure, oil cooler is the same as a radiator
132
What is the difference between a flight plan and a flight itinerary?
Flight plan filed with ATC and has to be closed within 1 hour, flight itinerary is left with responsible person and must be closed within 24 hours
133
What is a Crosswind Component chart used for? (Do you know how to read one?)
Determine if the crosswind is within legal limits of the plane to takeoff/land
134
What is the max 90 degree crosswind all aircraft certified by the FAA should be able to handle?
20% of Stall Speed
135
Where are CRFIs or Runway Surface Condition Reports found?
NOTAMs
136
If the runway surface condition report gives 6/6/6 what does this mean?
The runway is in perfect condition allowing max braking
137
Know how to use interpolation to calculate points between known points
YES SIR
138
What is the difference between Ground Roll and Take-Off Distance?
Ground Roll: Distance from brake release to lift-off
| Take-Off Distance: Distance from brake release to 50' AGL
139
What is a Climb Performance Chart used to calculate?
Time to climb
Fuel burned during a climb
Distance covered during the climb
140
What is a Cruise Performance Chart used to calculate?
TAS during cruise
| Fuel consumption during cruise
141
What are Range and Endurance Charts used to calculate?
Range of the a/c at a certain power setting
| Endurance at a certain power setting
142
What is a Landing Performance Chart used to calculate?
Used to calculate ground roll and landing distance (must conform with conditions on chart)
143
What is the difference between Ground Roll and Landing Distance?
Ground Roll: Distance from touchdown to stopped
| Landing Distance: Distance from 50' AGL to stopped
144
Are Koch Charts important?
NOOOOO
145
What is inserted into a Performance Table?
All required data about the a/c and airport to see if a/c will meet required performance criteria
146
What is the effect of increased ground resistance on a take-off roll?
Will increase take-off ground rolls, and will have decreased landing rolls (unless they have limited friction)
147
What is the criteria for a runway to be considered contaminated?
Standing water, slush, snow/compacted snow, ice, or frost covering more than 25% of required length and width of surface
148
What is the equivalent of a shallow runway contamination?
3 mm of standing water
149
Deep contamination runway is standing water with a depth greater than 3 mm, True or False?
True
150
In an upslope runway how will take-off and landing rolls be impacted?
Take-off roll is increased
| Landing roll is decreased
151
In a downslope runway how will take-off and landing rolls be effeted?
Take-off roll is decreased
| Landing roll is increased
152
Can dry snow be removed with a broom or should de-icing fluids be used?
Can be removed with a broom
153
What are Type I de-icing fluids?
Unthickened hot liquid, good at deicing, not good at anti-ice
154
What are Type II de-icing fluids?
Contain over have glycols and have minimum freezing point of -32, thickened, can be de-ice or anti-ice, removed during take-off roll, used on a/c with rotation speed >100 knots
155
What are Type III de-icing fluids?
Between Type I and II, can be used on a/c with rotation speed < 100 knots
156
What are Type IV de-icing fluids?
Same as Type II with longer holdover time
157
What is Holdover Time?
Estimated period for which anti-icing/de-icing fluids will prevent contamination on surfaces
158
What is Cold Soaking?
A/c is refuelled with cold fuel, if moisture is in air, can cause contamination of cold control surfaces
159
If ice is present on plane how are the characteristics of the plane affected?
Reduce lift up to 30%
| Increase drag up to 40%
160
What is the recovery for a Tailplane Stall?
Occurs when flaps extended on approach, pull back and raise flaps if nose drops
161
What is the recovery to Roll Upset?
Un-commanded roll because of ice on ailerons, lower nose and add power, do not retract flaps
162
What airplanes give off the greatest intensity wake turbulence?
Slow, clean, and heavy
163
How do wingtip vortices move?
Downwards and outwards
164
When does wake turbulence begin and end?
Start: Point of Rotation
End: Point of Touchdown
165
When should you take-off/land if behind bigger airplane?
Take-off: before rotation point of prior a/c
| Land: Past touchdown point of prior a/c
166
How long should you wait for wake turbulence to dissipate?
2 minutes (ATC will most likely provide separation)
167
What is jet blast and what types of a/c produce it?
Accelerated air coming out the back of jet engines, can upset smaller a/c on the ground, all a/c produce it (prop wash, helicopter wingtip vortices)
168
What is Wheelbarrowing?
Tricycle gear a/c on take-off/landing when weight is on nose wheel
169
Hydroplaning?
Wheels moving on top of a wet surface. Three Types:
Viscous - thin film of water at low speeds, doubles stopping distance
Dynamic - Deep water, complete loss of contact with tire
Reverted-Rubber - locked tire skidding on icy/wet runway, steam causes tire to lift off runway
170
How to calculate pressure altitude?
Subtract current altimeter setting from standard pressure, multiply by 100 and either add or subtract it from airport elevation
171
What does a Taxiway Location Sign look like?
Yellow lettering on a black background
172
What does a Runway Location Sign look like?
Yellow numbers on a black background
173
What does a Maneuvering Area Boundary look like? And what is it used for?
Single dashed and solid line, and used to separate apron from taxiways
174
What does a Runway Holding Position Sign look like?
White numbers on red background. Number on left means threshold of that runway is on the left and vice versa
175
What does a Runway Holding Position Marking look like? And what does it represent?
Two sets of dashed and solid yellow lines, separates taxiways and runways, must hold on solid line side
176
What does a Taxiway Holding Position Marking look like?
One singular dashed yellow line
177
What does a Runway Exit Sign look like?
Black lettering on yellow background with arrow pointing towards taxiway
178
What does an ILS Holding Position Marking look like? And what is it used for?
Two solid yellow lines connected by pairs of yellow lines. Must hold short if a/c on instrument approach
179
Know how to read intersection arrays
YES SIR
180
Know all the hotspots and taxi routes at CYKF
Sir Yes Sir
181
What is a Hotspot?
Location on an aerodrome maneuvering area that has a history or potential of collision or runway incursion, extra pilot attention is necessary
182
08/Charlie Hotspot
Outbound - Which runway is in use? Are you sure you were cleared to cross?
Inbound - Are you supposed to hold short of Charlie?
183
32-14/Alpha Hotspot
Inbound: Were you instructed to hold short of Alpha?
184
If you are unsure about any clearance what do you do?
Ask ATC
185
How long do you have to maintain an altitude restriction?
Until the restriction is cancelled or you receive a clearance/instruction that supersedes it
186
What are the two main considerations when calculating weight and balance?
Ensure a/c is within centre of gravity and maximum gross weight limits
187
What is Standard Empty Weight?
Weight of a/c w/ standard equipment and unusable fuel and oil
188
What is Optional Equipment?
Additional instruments and radio equipment
189
What is Basic Empty Weight?
Weight of a/c w/ optional equipment and full oil/coolant, and unusable fuel
190
What is Useful Load?
Difference between MGTOW and basic empty weight (fuel, pilots, passengers, cargo, etc.)
191
Name the Standard Weight in Summer and Winter for Males, Females, Children, and Infants
Male (S): 206 (W): 212 lbs
Female (S): 172 (W): 178 lbs
Children (S): 75 (W): 75 lbs
Infants (S): 30 (W): 30 lbs
192
How much do you deduct from standard weight if no carry-on baggage is being used?
13 lbs
193
How much does standard summer, and winter clothing weigh?
Summer: 8 lbs
Winter: 14 lbs
194
What is preferred actual or standard weight?
Actual
195
Where can the arms for different areas of the plane be found?
POH
196
Know how to fill out a weight and balance form
YES YES SIR
197
What is the formula for moving weight
W of item to move/W of loaded a/c = D C of G must move/D between arms
198
What is the difference between Static and Dynamic Stability?
Static: Initial tendency to return
Dynamic: Overall tendency to return
199
What is the difference between Positive, Neutral, and Negative stability?
Positive: Return to starting point
Neutral: Stays in spot you left it
Negative: Goes further than where you left it
200
What is Longitudinal Stability?
Stability about the lateral axis (or pitch stability), influenced by Horizontal Stabilizer and C of G position
201
What Effects does a Forward C of G have, versus an Aft C of G?
Forward: Positive static stability, tail-down force required, effective weight increases, stall speed increases, TAS decreases
Aft: Neutral static stability, no tail-down force
202
What is Static Pressure?
Ambient pressure of the atmosphere, measured in the static port
203
What is Total Pressure?
Pressure inside pitot tube as a/c moves forward, includes both static pressure and ram air pressure
204
What is Dynamic Pressure?
Difference between Total and Static Pressure, direct indication of forward speed
205
Know what the Pitot Tube and Static Port are and what they are used for
YES SIR
206
What is the only instrument connected to the Pitot Tube?
Airspeed Indicator
207
Name all 3 Pitot-Static Instruments
Airspeed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Altimeter
208
What is the difference between True and Absolute Altitude?
True: Distance above MSL
Absolute: Altitude above surfacw
209
What does the Altimeter measure when set to current altimeter setting?
Height above MSL
210
What is the construction of an Altimeter?
Wafers filled with standard sea level air, case surrounding it with static pressure
211
What do you do if you don't have the current altimeter setting?
Set altitude to elevation of aerodrome
212
Name 6 Errors of Altimeters:
Position - During slips, because of position of static port
Scale - Caused by aneroids not being precise enough
Mechanical - Misalignment/slippage of gears
Density - Only time altimeter is correct is when on ground at field elevation, or when standard atmosphere, due to changes in pressure and temperature
Hysteresis - Lag due to elastic properties
Reversal - During rapid attitude changes, only momentary
213
How is the VSI constructed?
Diaphragm connected to static, case is vented to static through calibrated leak, expansion or contraction measured to determine rate of change of altitude
214
What is the one error associated with VSI?
Lag error - takes 6-9 seconds to produce the actual rate of climb/descent
215
What are the 4 different types of airspeeds?
Indicated - uncorrected, shown on airspeed indicator, measurement of dynamic pressure
Calibrated - IAS corrected for instrument/position error
Equivalent - CAS corrected for compressibility factor
True - CAS or EAS correct for air density
216
What is Vne, Vno, White Arc, Vfe, Vso, and Va?
```
Vne - Never exceed speed
Vno - Maximum structural cruise speed (yellow), max speed for normal operation (green)
White Arc - Flap Operating Range
Vfe - Maximum flaps extended speed
Vso - Stall Speed/Landing configuration
Va - Manoeuvring Speed
```
217
What are the principles of Airspeed Indicator construction?
Comparison of static and total pressure to get dynamic pressure
218
What are 4 errors of the ASI?
Density - Static pressure decreases with altitude, true airspeed higher than indicated (2& increase in IAS for every 1000 ft)
Instrument - Mechanical errors in instrument
Hysteresis - Elastic properties
Position - disruption of airflow to pitot tube or static port
219
In a left slip what does the IAS do, and what does it do in a right slip?
Left slip - airspeed under reads, we are faster than IAS
| Right slip - airspeed over reads, we are slower than IAS
220
Memorize all pitot-static blockages
Yes MAam
221
Which instrument would you break if static sources are blocked?
VSI
222
What 3 instruments are linked to the gyroscopic system?
Attitude Indicator
Heading Indicator
Turn Coordinator
223
What are the 2 principles that a gyroscope functions on?
Rigidity in Space
| Precession
224
Which 2 instruments function on rigidity in space?
Attitude Indicator
| Heading Indicator
