General Kinesiology Flashcards
Definition of kinematics
a branch of biomechanics that deals with the motion of a body or body part without reference to force acting on it.
5 elements of kinematics and their measures
- Speed or velocity (directional dependent)
- Time
- Position or location
- Displacement or distance moved
- Acceleration- agility of speeding up or slowing down.
Planes of motion & movements within them
- Sagital- flexion, extension
- Frontal- abduction, adduction
- Transverse- rotation
Axis of rotations through planes of motion
- Frontal- anterior > posterior
- Sagittal- medial > lateral
- Transverse(horizontal) – vertical
Degrees of freedom for-Glenohumeral, coxal, cervical spine, vertebral column
3
Degrees of freedom for Wrist, talocrual
2
Degrees of freedom for humeralulnar joint
1
open chained movement?
proximal segment is fixed, while distal is free to move.
closed chain movement?
proximal segment is free, while distal segment is fixed
active movion?
patient actively uses muscle to create the motion.
Passive motion?
patient is inactively moves through a motion with the PTA.
The three classes of lever systems
- 1st lever- similar to a see-saw with its axis of rotation located between the internal and external force. EX. the head and neck.
- 2nd class- IMA is longer than the EMA. EX. plantarflexing or the wheelbarrow.
- 3rd class- IMA that is smaller than EMA. EX. bicep curl.
Which lever system is most common in the body?
- Third is most common.
- Synarthrosis joint type?
Junction between bones allowing little to no movement (sutures of the skull)
- Primary function: firmly bind bones together and transmit forces from one bone to another
Amphiarthrosis joint type?
Formed primarily by fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage (inter-vertebral disc) - Allow limited amounts of motion
- Primary function: provide shock absorption
Diarthrosis (synovial joint) type?
Articulation that contains a fluid-filled joint cavity between two or more bones
- Elements of Diarthrosis/Synovial Joint
- Synovial fluid/membrane - provides joint lubrication and nutrition
- Articular cartilage - dissipates and absorbs compressive forces
- Articular capsule - connective tissue that surrounds and binds the joint together
- Capsular ligaments - thickened regions of connective tissue that limit excessive joint motion
- Blood vessels - provide nutrients to the joint
- Sensory nerves - transmits signals regarding pain and proprioception (sensory awareness of the body’s position)
Agonist muscle?
- Muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to performing a specific movement
Antagonist muscle?
Muscle or muscle group that can oppose the action or actions of the agonist
Synergist muscle?
- Muscles that work together to perform a particular action
Stabilizer muscle?
- A muscle that fixes or holds a body segment relatively stationary so that another muscle can more effectively perform an action
