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Bio Gr 11 - Diversity > General Info > Flashcards

General Info Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four main stages of cell evolution?

A

The four main stages are: Abiotic Synthesis, Polymer Formation, Protobionts Formation, and Self-replicating Molecules.

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2
Q

What is Abiotic Synthesis?

A

The formation of small organic molecules, such as amino acids, from non-living sources.

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3
Q

What is Polymer Formation?

A

The joining of small molecules into larger polymers, like proteins, essential for cellular functions.

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4
Q

What are Protobionts?

A

Droplet-like structures with membranes that maintain a distinct internal chemistry.

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5
Q

What are self-replicating molecules?

A

Molecules such as RNA and DNA that enable the possibility of inheritance.

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6
Q

What are the main characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells include protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

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7
Q

What are the main characteristics of Prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells consist of bacteria and archaea.

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8
Q

How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in size?

A

Prokaryotic cells typically range from 1 to 10 μm, whereas eukaryotic cells range from 100 to 1000 μm.

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9
Q

What is the genetic material structure in prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have circular DNA that is not membrane-bound.

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10
Q

What is the genetic material structure in eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have linear DNA contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.

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11
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission.

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12
Q

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

A

Eukaryotes undergo mitosis and meiosis for cell division.

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13
Q

What is the main metabolic process for eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes predominantly rely on aerobic metabolism for cellular respiration.

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14
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Prokaryotes that require oxygen to survive.

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15
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Prokaryotes that can survive with or without oxygen.

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16
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Prokaryotes that cannot survive in oxygen.

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17
Q

What is a key difference in cell wall composition between bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, while archaeal cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan.

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18
Q

What is the significance of Gram staining?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and stain purple, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer and stain pink.

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19
Q

What are viruses?

A

Structures containing either single or double-stranded DNA or RNA, encased in a protective protein coat called a capsid.

20
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

An additional layer derived from the host cell’s membrane, aiding in evasion of the host’s immune response.

21
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Viruses hijack host cells to replicate, using the host’s machinery to produce new viral components.

22
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A

A viral life cycle where the virus injects its genetic material into the host cell, leading to immediate production of new viruses and eventual lysis of the host cell.

23
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

A viral life cycle where the viral genetic material integrates into the host’s genome, remaining dormant until activated.

24
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins that can induce abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins, leading to disease.

25
Q

What are the main nutritional modes of protists?

A

Protists can be classified as heterotrophic or mixotrophic.

26
Q

What are the major clades of protists?

A

Diplomonadida, Parabasala, Euglenozoans, Alveolates, Stramenopiles, Cercozoans, Radiolarians, and Amoebozoans.

27
Q

What distinguishes nonvascular plants from vascular plants?

A

Nonvascular plants lack a vascular system, relying on diffusion and osmosis for nutrient transport.

28
Q

What are the characteristics of vascular plants without seeds?

A

They possess vascular tissues and true roots, leaves, and exhibit alternation of generations.

29
Q

What are seed-producing vascular plants?

A

This category includes gymnosperms and angiosperms.

30
Q

What are the main characteristics of fungi?

A

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin, mostly multicellular, and heterotrophic.

31
Q

What are the four main nutritional strategies of fungi?

A

Parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, and saprobic.

32
Q

What are the general characteristics of animals?

A

Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that exhibit mobility and reproduce sexually.

33
Q

What are the main phyla of invertebrates?

A

Key phyla include Porifera, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda.

34
Q

What are the defining features of chordates?

A

Chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, and a post-anal tail during development.

35
Q

What do chordates possess during development?

A

Chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, and a post-anal tail.

36
Q

What distinguishes craniates from chordates?

A

Craniates have a more complex structure, including a skull and a higher metabolic rate.

37
Q

What defines vertebrates?

A

Vertebrates are craniates with a backbone and more advanced organ systems, including a heart and kidneys.

38
Q

What evolutionary advancement do gnathostomes have?

A

The evolution of jaws in gnathostomes allowed for more efficient feeding strategies.

39
Q

How did tetrapods adapt to land?

A

Tetrapods adapted to land with limbs and specialized structures for locomotion and support.

40
Q

Can you provide an example of tetrapod adaptation?

A

Salamanders are tetrapods that retain aquatic features, while frogs have adapted to terrestrial life.

Example of tetrapod adaptation.

41
Q

What characterizes amniotes?

A

Amniotes are characterized by the presence of an amniotic egg, allowing reproduction in terrestrial environments.

42
Q

What are key features of mammals?

A

Mammals possess mammary glands, hair, and advanced respiratory systems to support high metabolic rates.

43
Q

What do mammals and birds have in common regarding temperature regulation?

A

Both mammals and birds are endothermic, maintaining stable body temperatures regardless of the environment.

44
Q

What adaptations do mammals exhibit?

A

Mammals exhibit diverse adaptations, including differentiated teeth and extended parental care.

45
Q

What is the significance of the four-chambered heart in mammals and birds?

A

The evolution of the four-chambered heart in mammals and birds enhances oxygen transport efficiency.

46
Q

Can you provide examples of mammalian adaptations?

A

Kangaroos are marsupials with unique reproductive strategies, while cats exhibit typical mammalian traits.

Example of mammalian adaptations.

Bio Gr 11 - Diversity (6 decks)

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