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Part II > General HP Trivia > Flashcards

General HP Trivia Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of IsotonesRev. 1

A

Same number of neutrons, Different number of Protons (e.g. 3H, 4He)

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2
Q

Definition of “Dose”Rev. 1

A

Absorption by a medium of kinetic energy from a high energy charged particle through excitation and ionization

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3
Q

Define ‘Secular Equilibrium’Rev. 1

A

When the half life of the parent is very much greater than that of the daughter half life. After ~7 half lives, the activity of the daughter = activity of the parent

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4
Q

Radioactive decay is affected only byRev. 1

A

Conditions within the nucleus

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5
Q

Most predominate constituent of primary cosmic radiationRev. 1

A

Protons

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6
Q

Cosmic radiation accounts for approximately ____ mrem per year at sea level?Rev. 1

A
  1. This number roughly doubles for every 2000 meters increase in altitiude. e.g. Denver ~50 mrem
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7
Q

Numerical value of Quality Factor (Q) is based partly on: Rev. 1

A

Biological effect and judgment. Q is not experimentally determined.

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8
Q

KERMA is the sum of the initial kinetic energy of all charged particles liberated by:Rev. 1

A

Uncharged ionizing radiation

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9
Q

The Stopping Power for electrons _____ as the atomic number of the absorber _____Rev. 1

A

decreases, increases. Stopping Power ~ hinderance

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10
Q

Bremmsstrahlung predominantly occurs at energies greater than:Rev. 1

A

1 MeV

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11
Q

Average energy of a positron emitted during positron decay:Rev. 1

A

2/5 or 0.4 of its max

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12
Q

For an alpha particle to penetrate the dead layer of skin, it must have an energy of at least: Rev. 1

A

7.5 MeV

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13
Q

Define Internal Conversion as it related to an atom’s decayRev. 1

A

IC is an alternative isomeric transition. The nucleus transfers its excitation energy to an orbital electron, which is then ejected

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14
Q

Name and list the multiple factor for the 3 naturally occurring decay series and the 1 artificially produced seriesRev. 1

A

Actinium (4n+3), Uranium (4n+2), Neptunium (4n+1) artificially produced, and Thorium (4n). Think A.U.N.T.

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15
Q

IsobarRev. 1

A

Same Atomic Mass Number e.g. 14C, 14N

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16
Q

IsotopeRev. 1

A

Same number of Protons e.g. 32P, 33P

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17
Q

IsomerRev. 1

A

Same Mass and Atomic Number, different Meta-Stable states e.g. 99mTc and 99Tc

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18
Q

Definition of a Hot ParticleRev. 1

A

Discrete radioactive fragment that is insoluble in water and is less than 1mm.

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19
Q

Minimum mass of material which sustains a nuclear chain reactionRev. 1

A

Critical Mass. Made up of fissile isotope, isotope enrichment, geometry, presence and types of moderator and reflector material.

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20
Q

Primary isotopes of natural uranium whose natural abundances are 99.23729, 0.7206, and 0.0057Rev. 1

A

U-238, U-235, and U-234

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21
Q

Radioactive atoms that have a neutron to proton ratio that is too large will decay byRev. 1

A

Beta Minus Decay

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22
Q

Define elastic scattering in relation to photonsRev. 1

A

No energy change of scattered photon. Photon may change direction, but not energy

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23
Q

Name the initial and final nuclide in the Thorium Decay seriesRev. 1

A

Th-232, Pb-208

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24
Q

Annual dose equivalent to the U.S. population from all man-made sources of radiation is given by the NCRP as: Rev. 1

A

300 mrem/year. Total average annual exposure is 620 mrem

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25
Q

What is the main factor determining the amount of energy that can be transferred to the electron during Compton scattering?Rev. 1

A

Scattering angle. Scattering angle of incident photon is inversely proportional to the energy of the scattered photon

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26
Q

What is a neutrino?Rev. 1

A

Massless particle- product of beta decay

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27
Q

The antineutrino is associated with what process?Rev. 1

A

Beta Minus decay

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28
Q

In the energy range from 0.1 to 5 MeV in either air or water, the most predominant photon interaction isRev. 1

A

Compton Scattering

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29
Q

Equilibrium in which the parent radionuclide has a shorter half life than that of the daughter, but same order of magnitude: Rev. 1

A

No equilibrium

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30
Q

Following electron capture, what processes may occur?Rev. 1

A

Characteristic X-rays are emitted, Auger electrons emitted, Z deceases by 1

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31
Q

Average energy required to produce an ion pair in air by X or gamma radiation: Rev. 1

A

33.7 eV - Also called the ‘W” value of air

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32
Q

All natural radioactive decay series have this in common (not neptunium)Rev. 1

A

All end in a stable isotope of lead

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33
Q

A positron and an electron interact to produce 2 photons each with an energy of 0.511 MeV. What is this called?Rev. 1

A

Annihilation reaction

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34
Q

Radium-226 decays by alpha to Radon-Rev. 1

A
  1. Alphas have an atomic mass of 4 (2 protons, 2 neutrons)
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35
Q

When ionizing energy ejects an electron from a water molecule, it makes an H2O+ ion. When an electron is added to a water molecule it makes H2O-. H2O- decomposes intoRev. 1

A

Free radicals

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36
Q

This radionuclide in soil is a major contributor to genetically significant radiation exposureRev. 1

A

K-40

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37
Q

Most abundant radionuclide in the earth’s crust?Rev. 1

A

Thorium 232. Followed by Nat U, then K-40

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38
Q

Secondary radiation following photoelectric interaction can include:Rev. 1

A

Characteristic X-rays, Auger electrons

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39
Q

Controlling radon exposures in a building means that _______ of the building is to be avoidedRev. 1

A

depressurization (negative pressure)

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40
Q

What would be a good approximation of the quality factor of the neutrino?Rev. 1

A
  1. Neutrinos have essentially zero probability of interaction
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41
Q

One of the processes that increases the proton/neutron ratio in a nucleus involves the conversion of a proton to a neutron. This process is called:Rev. 1

A

Electron Capture

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42
Q

Eventually, charged particles give up their energy to the surrounding medium. In the case of the alpha particle, it becomes (a):Rev. 1

A

Helium atom

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43
Q

When calculating for structural shielding, the occupancy factor can have a value of:Rev. 1

A

1, 1/4, 1/16, 1/40. Full occupancy, T=1 consists of control space, living quarters, waiting rooms, and rest rooms for occupational workers. Partial occupancy, T=1/4, used for utility rooms, restrooms for non-occupational workers. Occasional occupancy T=1/16, stairways, closets. No occupancy T=1/40, parking lots

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44
Q

The equivalent energy for the rest mass of a proton is aboutRev. 1

A

938 MeV. The ratio of the mass of the proton to the electron is 1837. The ratio of the energies must be the same (E=mc^2) so: 0.511 MeV*1837 = 938

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45
Q

Betas lose most of their energy at:Rev. 1

A

2/3 max range

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46
Q

Underlying principal for measurement of radiation absorbed dose is: Rev. 1

A

The Bragg-Gray principal. This principle relates absorbed dose in a medium to a measurement of a known amount of ionization in a small volume of a gas filled cavity (usually air).

47
Q

Medical use of byproduct material falls under which 10 CFR?Rev. 1

A

35

48
Q

10CFR19Rev. 1

A

Notices, Instructions, Reports to Workers

49
Q

10CFR20Rev. 1

A

Standards for protection against radiation

50
Q

10CFR30Rev. 1

A

Licensing of byproduct material

51
Q

A positron has the same mass as a Rev. 1

A

Beta particle

52
Q

What happens to the incident photon in the compton process?Rev. 1

A

Partial absorption of the photon energy. Photon and electron are scattered (share energy - binding energy of the electron)

53
Q

What is the “photoelectric effect” in regard to ionizing radiation?Rev. 1

A

Total absorption of incident photon energy. Low energy photons collide with a bound orbital electron and eject it from the atom.

54
Q

What happens to the incident photon in the pair production process?Rev. 1

A

Conversion of a photon into mass. Occurs in photons that have greater than or equal to 1.022 MeV energy. energy is converted into a pair of electron masses (electron & positron). The positron annihilates with a free electron to produce two 0.511 MeV photons

55
Q

Non-excreta licensed material can be put into the sewage system at a rate of ____ Ci/year/institutionRev. 1

A
  1. An additional 1 curie of C-14 and 5 curies of H-3 is also allowed in the sewer per year.
56
Q

When a charged particle strikes an electron knocking it out of its orbital, creating an ion pair, it is calledRev. 1

A

Direct ionization

57
Q

Production of a positron is the result of the conversion of a _____ to a _____Rev. 1

A

Proton, Electron

58
Q

KERMA is expressed in what units?Rev. 1

A

Joules/kg

59
Q

Name the initial and final nuclides in the neptuniumRev. 1 series

A

Np-237; Bi-209

60
Q

How does a thermoluminescent dosimeter work?Rev. 1

A

A crystal with an added impurity traps electrons during radiation exposure

61
Q

A radionuclide that is constantly being released by cosmogenic action isRev. 1

A

C-14

62
Q

Which effect predominates in the 100 keV - 10 MeV region for photons?Rev. 1

A

Compton Scattering

63
Q

How often should sealed sources be leak tested?Rev. 1

A

Semi-annually

64
Q

Sealed sources are exempt from leak testing if their half life is less thanRev. 1

A

30 days

65
Q

Sealed sources are exempt from leak testing if the byproduct material is in the form of: Rev. 1

A

A gas

66
Q

Sealed sources are exempt from leak testing if source contains _____ or less beta or gamma emitting material or _____ or less of alpha emitting material (NRC)Rev. 1

A

100 uCi, 10 uCi

67
Q

Sealed sources are exempt from leak testing if it is a seed of Iridium-192 encased in (NRC)Rev. 1

A

Nylon Ribbon

68
Q

Sealed sources are exempt from leak testing if they are in storage and not being used. T/FRev. 1

A

True. They must be leak tested before being taken out of storage.

69
Q

Name the initial and final nuclides in the actinium seriesRev. 1

A

U-235; Pb-207

70
Q

What is the Roentgen a measurement of?Rev. 1

A

The amount of X or Gamma radiation that produces ionization in 1 esu of charge in 1 cc of dry air at STP

71
Q

Which particle is considered to be radioactive by itself?Rev. 1

A

Neutron. When removed from the nucleus of its atom, the neutron decays with a half life of about 10.4 minutes into a beta particle and a proton.

72
Q

Sr-90 is a _____ emitterRev. 1

A

Beta. Sr-90 is a bone seeker. 546 keV max energy

73
Q

Gamma radiation produces ionization byRev. 1

A

Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and Pair Production

74
Q

What is the rest energy equivalent of the electron?Rev. 1

A

0.511 MeV

75
Q

Radioactive decay is first order decay. it is also _____ of temperatureRev. 1

A

Independent

76
Q

The buildup factor, B, in radiation shielding is caused by Rev. 1

A

Bad geometry aka broad beam conditions. Secondary radiation can scatter in a medium and “add” to the dose at a point.

77
Q

What is Isomeric decay?Rev. 1

A

Atomic number and Atomic Mass Number of the daughter is the same as that of the parent. e.g. Gamma ray emission, Internal conversion.

78
Q

Regulations regarding excreta containing medically administered (in humans) radioactive materials:Rev. 1

A

Exempt! Can be disposed of in ordinary sewage systems.

79
Q

A buildup factor, B, equal to “1” in a radiation shielding equation occurs under

A

Good geometry aka narrow beam conditions

80
Q

Radiation in the visible spectrum that results from the slowing down of charged particles in a mediumRev. 1

A

Cerenkov Radiation. Occurs when a charged particles moves faster in a medium than the phase velocity of light in the same medium.

81
Q

What is a use of a chelating agent?Rev. 1

A

Chemically bind materials. Used to bind radioactive materials.

82
Q

What effect predominates in the >10 MeV gamma radiation region?Rev. 1

A

Pair production. Can happen with any gamma above 1.022 MeV, but not primary effect below 10 MeV.

83
Q

Name the first and final member of the Uranium decay seriesRev. 1

A

U-238, Pb-206

84
Q

Electromagnetic radiation produced by the rapid deceleration of charged particles is called _____Rev. 1

A

Bremsstrahlung

85
Q

‘Phantoms’ are:Rev. 1

A

Material used to simulate tissue

86
Q

What is the inelastic scattering of a photonRev. 1

A

Decrease in energy of the scattered photon

87
Q

What does the ‘Z’ represent in reference to an atom or an element or a nuclide?Rev. 1

A

The Proton number or effective proton number

88
Q

What effect predominates in the 10-100 keV range for photons?Rev. 1

A

Photoelectric effect

89
Q

The energy distribution of alpha emission isRev. 1

A

monoenergetic

90
Q

Define ‘High Radiation Area’Rev. 1

A

Any area with the dose rates greater than 100 mrem/hour at 30 cm from the source.

91
Q

Define’ Very High Radiation Area’Rev. 1

A

An area accessible to individuals in which radiation levels exceed 500 rad (5 gray) in one hour at 1 meter from the source. Requires preface of “GRAVE DANGER”

92
Q

Define ‘Radiation Area’Rev. 1

A

Any area with radiation levels greater than 5 mrem/hr at 30 cm from the source

93
Q

Personnel dosimetry records must be retained:Rev. 1

A

Until the NRC terminates the pertinent license.

94
Q

Airborne Radioactivity Area must be posted at _____ DAC-hour(s) or _____ DAC-hour(s) to an individual in one weekRev. 1

A

1, 12. 12 DAC-hours in a 40 hour week can be used to establish a posting threshold of .3 DAC

95
Q

A chemical which as shown some success as an internal chelating agent for plutonium is: Rev. 1

A

DTPA

96
Q

Dose limit to member of the publicRev. 1

A

0.1 rem per year

97
Q

Dose limit to embryo/fetusRev. 1

A

0.5 rem occupational (entire pregnancy)

98
Q

Limit for sum of the deep dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens of the eyeRev. 1

A

50 rem

99
Q

annual limit for the lens of the eyeRev. 1

A

15 rem

100
Q

Target and filter material used in most x-ray MAMMOGRAPHY machines is, Rev. 1

A

Molybdenum and Molybdenum.

101
Q

Gamma interaction which is the greatest contributor the buildup factorRev. 1

A

Compton scattering

102
Q

Leak test of sealed sources should be sensitive enough to detectRev. 1

A

0.005 uCi

103
Q

Secondary protective barriers in medical x-ray facilities are designed to protect persons fromRev. 1

A

leakage and scattered radiation only. Primary protective barriers are implemented for protection against the primary beam

104
Q

Most to Least effective shielding materials for gamma radiation sources: Lead, iron, concrete, waterRev. 1

A

Yes

105
Q

Buildup factor typically increases with both the _____ and _____ of the shieldRev. 1

A

Atomic number, thickness.

106
Q

The minimum recommended face velocity for a fume hood isRev. 1

A

125 linear feet per minute.

107
Q

NORMRev. 1

A

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material.

108
Q

TENORMRev. 1

A

Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material

109
Q

For diagnostic type x-ray machines, the leakage-radiation at a distance of 1 meter from the target cannot exceedRev. 1

A

100 mrad in 1 hour

110
Q

For Therapeutic type x-ray machines operating in the 5-50 kV range, the max leakage rate at any point 5cm from the tube can not exceedRev. 1

A

100 mrad in 1 hour

111
Q

For Therapeutic type x-ray machines operating in the 500+ kV range, the leakage rate in the region outside the useful beam but within 2m radius circular plane centered on the beam’s central axis does not exceedRev. 1

A

0.2% of the treated tissue dose rate. Except for this region, the dose rate at 1m from the path does not exceed 0.5% of the treatment dose.

112
Q

Source materialRev. 1

A

Uranium or thorium or any combination of the two in any physical or chemical form. Must be in natural isotopic concentrations. Depleted uranium is included as source material.

113
Q

Reference Man’s breathing rateRev. 1

A

20,000 ml/min, 20 L/min 1ml = 1cc

114
Q

Difference between KERMA and Absorbed DoseRev. 1

A

Kerma is a measure of all the energy transferred from the uncharged particle (photon or neutron) to primary ionizing particles per unit mass, whereas absorbed dose is a measure of the energy absorbed per unit mas.

Part II (25 decks)

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