GENERAL HARDCORE Flashcards
In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections
F Cyclozoonoses require more than 1 vertebrate but no invertebrate host
if humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses.
F Metazoonoses require both a vertebrate and invertebrate as part of life cycle
In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source
T Requires both a vertebrate host and a nonanimal reservoir or developmental site for completion of its life cycle
Mutations generally result decrease of the virulence
T
Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent
F
spontaneous or induced change of virulence
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously.
T
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed
T
Foetuses can have active immune response
T
Newborn animals have local immune response
T
Foetuses do not have immune reactions
F
Fetuses have no active immune response
F
The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without
F
Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response
T
From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen
F
There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth
F
Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes
T
Subacute diseases last one or 2 days
F
In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus
F
In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed
F
reactivation and then shedding
Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of the host
T
In latent infection, there is no virus shedding.
T
REACTIVATION LEAD TO VIRUS SHEDDING
Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections
F
Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction
F
Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections
T
Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections
F
The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections
F
Dead end hosts do not shed the agent
T
Asymptomatic infections can become manifest
T
Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection
T
In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen
F
Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent
T
In case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen
T
Latent infection is common in the case of Gram-positive bacteria
F
In the case of inapperent infections seropositivity can be seen
T
Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations
F
In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts
F
Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology
F
Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology.
T
During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive
F
In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen
T
Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest
F
Mortality show what proportion of the diseased animals die.
F
Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries
T
Infective agents can be detected 2-3days after infection using serological tests
F
MATSA is a form of disease
F
Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
T
Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
T
Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases
F
Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs
F
Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance
F
Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable
T
Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response
T
Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with epitheliochorial placenta
T
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days
T
The half-life of the homologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks
T
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta
F
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum
T
Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum
T
Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves
T
Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth
F
Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunization
T
Thats why we vaccinate after the expiry of maternal protection
The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes
T
Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination.
T
The endotheliochorial placenta prevents the transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus
F
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines
F
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines
T
Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines
T
Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines
F
DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines
F
Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents
T
If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated
T
Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of eradication
T
Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection
T
Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method
F
Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected
F
There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment
F
Leptospira by penicillin
