General Haematology Flashcards
Functions of blood
Transport of gases, nutrients, waste and hormones
Clotting
Preventing thrombosis
Protection from pathogens
Which blood constituents are responsible for clotting
Platelets and clotting factors
Which blood constituents are responsible for preventing clots
Anticoagulants
Fibrinolytics
What type of cells are stem cells
Totipotent
Where is bone marrow found in children
In most bones
Where is bone marrow found in adults
Mainly axial skeleton
Where is erythropoietin made
In kidneys in response to hypoxia
What is reticulocyte count a measure of
Red cell production
Where is thrombopoietin made
In the liver
What is platelet production regulated by
Thrombopoietn
What is the lifespan of platelets
7 days
What is thrombocytosis
Too many platelets
What is thrombocytopenia
Too little platelets
Function of neutrophils
Ingest and destroy pathogens
Especially bacteria and fungi
What is neutophilia
Too many neutrophils
What is neutrophil production regulated by
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
What is neutropenia
Decrease neutrophils
Name 2 other types of myeloid cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
What is eosinophils function related to
Allergy
Parasites
What are raised lymphocytes usually a marker of
Viral infection
Subtypes of lymhpocytes
B cells
T cell
NK cells
Types of T cells
Helper
Cyotoxic
Regulatory
Main function of B cells
To produce antibodies
Where do B cells mature
in bone marrow
Where do T cells mature
In the thymus
What can T and B cells form
Memory cells
What does Class I HLA display
MCH I
Internal antigens on all nucleated cells
What does Class II HLA display
MCH II
Displays antigens eaten by professional APC
What is a paraprotein
Collection of one type of antibody
Dx tools in haematology
FBC Clotting times Bleeding time for platelets Iron B12 Folate Marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy LN biopsy Imaging
2 types of pulp in the spleen
Red pulp
White pulp
Infectious causes of splenomegaly
Acute e.g EBV< CMV
Chronic bacterial e.g TB, Brucella, SBE
Chronic parasitis e.g malaria, schistosomiasis
Haematological malignant causes of splenomegaly
Various leukaemias and myelomas
Myeloproliferative disorders
Liver cause of splenomegaly
Portal hypertension
Connective tissue causes of splenomegaly
SLE
Felty syndrome
Miscellaneous causes of splenomegaly
Sarcoid
Malignant
Amyloid
Normal Hb for males
125-170g/L
Normal Hb for females
120-160g/L
Normal platelets
150-400 (10to9/L)
Normal WBC
4-10 (10to9/L)
