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DH: Principles I > General/GYN (Kane) Exam 3 > Flashcards

General/GYN (Kane) Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When was laparoscopy first used for the diagnosis of gynecologic conditions?

a) 1950s
b) 1960s
c) 1970s
d) 1980s

A

c) 1970s

Slide 2

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2
Q

In which decade was laparoscopic cholecystectomy developed?

a) 1960s
b) Late 1970s
c) Late 1980s
d) Late1990s

A

c)Late 1980s

Slide 2

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3
Q

Which procedure is considered minimally invasive?

a) Laparoscopy
b) Laparotomy

A

a) Laparoscopy

Slide 2

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4
Q

What are the two main purposes of intraperitoneal insufflation of CO₂?

a) Decrease blood flow and increase pain
b) Identification of intraperitoneal space and room to work
c) Increase pressure and decrease blood supply
d) Reduce inflammation and increase blood supply

A

b) Identification of intraperitoneal space and room to work

Slide 3

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5
Q

What substances are released at the onset of pneumoperitoneum?

a) Insulin and glucagon
b) Adrenaline and noradrenaline
c) Catecholamines and vasopressin
d) Endorphins and dopamine

A

c) Catecholamines and vasopressin

Kane: if he really is in the peritoneum, see pressure increases on the abdomen during initial insufflation and then the body releases catecholamines, vasopressin, and see huge increase in SVR because of the pressurized great vessels

Slide 3

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6
Q

What effect does creating a pneumoperitoneum have on arterial vasculature?

a) Dilation of arterial vasculature
b) Compression of arterial vasculature
c) Increased blood flow
d) No effect

A

b) Compression of arterial vasculature

Slide 3

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7
Q

What is the maximum intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) recommended during the creation of a pneumoperitoneum?

a) 10 mm Hg
b) 15 mm Hg
c) 20 mm Hg
d) 25 mm Hg

A

c) 20 mm Hg

Slide 3

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8
Q

Which of the following pulmonary effects are associated with increased PaCO₂ during laparoscopy? select 3

a) Decreased FRC
b) Increased PIP
c) Increased FRC
d) Development of atelectasis

A

a) Decreased FRC - tidal volume drops
b) Increased PIP
d) Development of atelectasis - if you didn’t adjust for hypoventilation

Slide 4

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9
Q

Which of the following statements are true about lung compliance during laparoscopy?

a) It increases by 30-50%
b) It decreases by 30-50%
c) It remains unchanged
d) It contributes to easier lung expansion

A

b) It decreases by 30-50%
diaphragm cannot drop and lungs cannot expand

Slide 4

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10
Q

How long does it typically take for absorbed PaCO₂ levels to plateau during laparoscopy?

a) 5-10 minutes
b) 10-15 minutes
c) 15-20 minutes
d) 20-25 minutes

A

b) 10-15 minutes

increased PaCO2 due to absorption of CO2 that plateaus in 10-15 mins

Slide 5

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11
Q

Which factor is considered when deciding on treatment for increased PaCO₂ during laparoscopy? (2)

a) Increase Vm
b) Early case vs. late case
c) Patient’s age
d) Type of anesthetic used

A

a) Increase Vm
b) Early case vs. late case

Kane: If early on the case and your CO2 at 50-55, you want to adjust that and you want to blow OFF that CO2 ; If towards at end of the case and increase CO2 is more than you’d like to be, you may choose to leave it so pt. will be stimulated to breath

Slide 5

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12
Q

Which of the following are potential pulmonary complications during laparoscopy? (3)

a) Subcutaneous emphysema
b) Pneumothorax
c) Pneumomediastinum
d) Pulmonary edema

A

a) Subcutaneous emphysema
b) Pneumothorax
c) Pneumomediastinum

possibility can stick trocars through belly and into the chest 🙁

Slide 6

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13
Q

What are pulmonary complications from insufflation during laparoscopic prodecures? (select 3)

a) Gas embolism
b) Endobronchial intubation
c) Pulmonary fibrosis
d) Subcutaneous emphysema

A

a) Gas embolism
b) Endobronchial intubation
d) Subcutaneous emphysema

Slide 6

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14
Q

What is a common cause of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax during laparoscopy?

a) High intra-abdominal pressure
b) Improper placement of trocars
c) Overuse of anesthesia
d) Patient’s pre-existing conditions

A

b) Improper placement of trocars

*pneumothorax requires CT

Slide 7

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15
Q

How long does it typically take for subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax to resolve?

a) 10-20 minutes
b) 20-30 minutes
c) 30-60 minutes
d) 60-90 minutes

A

c) 30-60 minutes

Slide 7

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16
Q

Which of the following should be monitored when managing subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax? (select 2)

a) Blood pressure
b) Heart rate
c) Ventilation
d) Oxygenation

A

c) Ventilation
d) Oxygenation

Slide 7

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17
Q

What causes a gas embolism during insufflation?

a) Gas infused directly into the abdominal cavity
b) Gas infused directly into a vessel
c) High oxygen levels
d) Low atmospheric pressure

A

b) Gas infused directly into a vessel

Kane: In vessel = massive embolism  can lose the patient

Slide 8

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18
Q

True or False

A gas lock in the vena cava can enhance venous return.

A

False

A gas lock in the vena cava can obstruct venous return.

Laparoscopic Surgery

Slide 8

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19
Q

Which cardiac issues are a sign of gas embolism? (4)

a) Atrial fibrillation
b)Tachycardia
c) Hypotension with increased CVP
d) Ventricular hypertrophy
e) Cardiac dysrhythmias
f) Millwheel murmur

A

b)Tachycardia
c) Hypotension with increased CVP
e) Cardiac dysrhythmias
f) Millwheel murmur

Laparoscopic Surgery

Slide 9

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20
Q

Which of the following are diagnostic signs of gas embolism? (Select 2)

a) Hypoxemia
b) Bradycardia
c) Decreased ETCO₂
d) Hypercapnia

A

a) Hypoxemia -better seen on ABG
c) Decreased ETCO₂

Laparoscopic Surgery

Slide 9

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21
Q

Which of the following is a common treatment step for gas embolism during laparoscopy?

a) Increase insufflation pressure
b) Cessation of insufflation/release of pneumoperitoneum
c) Initiate CPR
d) Induce hypothermia

A

b) Cessation of insufflation/release of pneumoperitoneum

Slide 9

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22
Q

Laparoscopic Surgery
Which of the following treatments are appropriate for gas embolism? (Select all that apply)

a) Trendelenburg position
b) Fluid bolus
c) Increase oxygen intake to 100%
d) Aspiration of air
e) Vasopressor support

A

All of the above

a) Trendelenburg position - put pt. in left lateral tilt with head down -keep bubble in right heart and prevent from going into lungs
b) Fluid bolus
c) Increase oxygen intake to 100%
d) Aspiration of air -if pt has a central line
e) Vasopressor support

Slide 9

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23
Q

True or False

The use of vasopressors is contraindicated in the treatment of gas embolism

A

False

The use of vasopressors is a treatment of gas embolism.

Kane: Vasopressor support b/c C.O. decline

Slide 9

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24
Q

What anatomical change can lead to endobronchial intubation during laparoscopy? (select 2)

a) Diaphragm depression
b) Diaphragm elevation
c) Carina displacement cephalad
d) Tracheal dilation

A

b) Diaphragm elevation
c) Carina displacement cephalad

Slide 10

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25
Q

Which steps are involved in monitoring for and adjusting endobronchial intubation? (select 3)

a) Monitor position of the ETT
b) Increase insufflation pressure
c) Auscultate bilateral breath sounds
d) Use pulse oximetry to monitor oxygenation

A

a) Monitor position of the ETT
c) Auscultate bilateral breath sounds
d) Use pulse oximetry to monitor oxygenation - O2 saturation dip down

*PIP can shoot up if tube hitting carina
*

Laparoscopic Surgery

Slide 10

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26
Q

At what intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) do hemodynamic effects typically occur during laparoscopy?

a) < 5 mm Hg
b) > 10 mm Hg
c) > 15 mm Hg
d) > 20 mm Hg

A

b) > 10 mm Hg

Slide 11

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27
Q

Which of the following is a hemodynamic effect of increased IAP during laparoscopy?

a) Increased cardiac output
b) Decreased cardiac output
c) Decreased arterial pressure
d) Decreased SVR/PVR

A

b) Decreased cardiac output

Slide 11

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28
Q

Increased IAP during laparoscopy can lead to increased: (select 2)

a) Cardiac output
b) Arterial pressure
c) Venous return
d) SVR/PVR

A

b) Arterial pressure
d) SVR/PVR

Slide 11

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29
Q

How long do the hemodynamic effects typically last after they occur during laparoscopy?

a) Several seconds
b) Several minutes
c) Several hours
d) Several days

A

b) Several minutes

Slide 11

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30
Q

Which of the following are used as vasodilating agents to treat hemodynamic effects during laparoscopy? (Select 4)

a) Vapor
b) Nitroglycerin
c) Cardene
d) Remifentanil
e) Epinephrine

A

a) Vapor
b) Nitroglycerin
c) Cardene
d) Remifentanil

use something short acting since hemodynamic instability usually resloves in several minutes

Vital Numbers Control Rates

..Kane also said Esmolol, not on slide though

Slide 12

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31
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding cardiac arrhythmias during laparoscopy?

a) They correlate strongly with the level of PaCO₂.
b) They do not correlate with the level of PaCO₂.
c) They are caused by hyperventilation.
d) They are prevented by increasing insufflation pressures.

A

b) They do not correlate with the level of PaCO₂.

Slide 13

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32
Q

What can cause reflex increases in vagal tone, potentially leading to cardiac arrhythmias during laparoscopy? (select 3)

a) Hyperventilation
b) Peritoneal stretch
c) Electro-cautery
d) Stretch of fallopian tubes
e) Nephrectomy

A

b) Peritoneal stretch
c) Electro-cautery
d) Stretch of fallopian tubes

esp correlate to YOUNG FEMALES

Slide 13

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33
Q

What are two methods to manage or prevent cardiac arrhythmias caused by increased vagal tone during laparoscopy?

a) Decrease ventilation rate and increase fluid intake
b) Increase PaCO₂ levels and administer atropine
c) Limit insufflation pressures and administer glycopyrrolate
d) Increase insufflation pressures and administer epinephrine

A

c) Limit insufflation pressures and administer glycopyrrolate

Slide 13

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34
Q

Which of the following complications can occur in the head-down (Trendelenburg) position during laparoscopy? (Select 4)

a) Facial/pharyngeal/laryngeal airway edema
b) Decreased central venous pressure (CVP)
c) Increased intraocular pressure
d) Altered pulmonary mechanics
e) Increased intracranial pressure

A

a) Facial/pharyngeal/laryngeal airway edema
c) Increased intraocular pressure
d) Altered pulmonary mechanics -* Decreased FRC, TLV, compliance*
e)increased intracranial pressure

Slide 14

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35
Q

What are the hemodynamic effects of the head-up (reverse Trendelenburg) position during laparoscopy? (Select 3)

a) Decreased cardiac output
b) Venous stasis
c) Increased cardiac output
d) Favorable ventilation

A

a) Decreased cardiac output
b) Venous stasis
d) Favorable ventilation

Slide 14

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36
Q

In the head-down (Trendelenburg) position during laparoscopy, what happens to central venous pressure (CVP) and cardiac output (CO)?

a) CVP and CO decrease
b) CVP and CO increase
c) CVP increases, CO decreases
d) CVP decreases, CO increases

A

b) CVP and CO increase

Slide 14

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37
Q

Which nerve is commonly at risk of injury due to overextension of the arm during surgery?

a) Ulnar nerve
b) Median nerve
c) Brachial plexus
d) Radial nerve

A

c) Brachial plexus

need adequate shoulder support

Slide 15 Laproscopic

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38
Q

Which nerve is commonly at risk of injury in the lithotomy position?

a) Femoral nerve
b) Peroneal nerve
c) Sciatic nerve
d) Tibial nerve

A

b) Peroneal nerve

Slide 15

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39
Q

What is a potential complication of the lithotomy position besides nerve injury?

a) Deep vein thrombosis
b) Compartment syndrome
c) Pulmonary embolism
d) Compartment embolism

A

b) Compartment syndrome

Slide 15 Laproscopic

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40
Q

Which of the following must laparoscopy demonstrate compared to laparotomy? (Select 3)

a) More rapid recovery
b) Increased complication rates
c) Better maintenance of hemostasis
d) Less risk

A

a) More rapid recovery
c) Better maintenance of hemostasis
d) Less risk

Slide 16

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41
Q

What are the benefits of laparoscopy compared to laparotomy? (Select 2)

a) Decreases postoperative pain
b) Increases postoperative pain
c) Decreases postoperative nausea/vomiting
d) Increases postoperative pulmonary dysfunction

A

a) Decreases postoperative pain
c) Decreases postoperative nausea/vomiting

and Less pulmonary dysfunction (but not none)

Slide 16

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42
Q

Which type of injury accounts for 30-50% of serious complications during laparoscopy?

a) Vascular injuries
b) Burns
c) Intestinal injuries
d) Infections

A

c) Intestinal injuries

perforations, CBD injury; May remain undiagnosed

cbd-common bile duct injury

Slide 17

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43
Q

Which of the following are potential vascular complications of laparoscopy? (Select 2)

a) Retroperitoneal hematomas
b) Superficial vein thrombosis
c) Great vessel injury
d) Varicose veins

A

a) Retroperitoneal hematomas often insidious
c) Great vessel injury emergent

Slide 17

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44
Q

Burns account for what percentage of complications during laparoscopy?

a) 5-10%
b) 10-15%
c) 15-20%
d) 20-25%

A

c) 15-20%

Slide 17

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45
Q

True or False

The risk of infection during laparoscopy is very high.

A

False

The risk of infection during laparoscopy is very small

Slide 17

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46
Q

Which of the following conditions contraindicate the use of laparoscopy? (Select 3)

a) Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
b) Hypertension
c) Trauma
d) Hydrocephalus

A

a) Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
c) Trauma
d) Hydrocephalus

and tumor

Slide 17

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47
Q

What are the key components of anesthesia management for laparoscopy? (Select 3)

a) Preoperative medications
b) Controlled ventilation
c) Positioning
d) Type of surgical incision

A

a) Preoperative medications -ei albuterol versed
b) Controlled ventilation -normal ETCO2, volume,RR
c) Positioning - Kane- put EKG stickers on the back for breast cases

Slide 18

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48
Q

Which type of anesthesia is commonly used for laparoscopy?

a) Regional anesthesia
b) Local anesthesia
c) General endotracheal anesthesia (GETA)
d) Sedation

A

c) General endotracheal anesthesia (GETA)

  • some providers use LMA (more in Britain)

Slide 18

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49
Q

Controlled ventilation during laparoscopy aims to maintain which parameter within normal range?

a) PaO₂
b) ETCO₂
c) pH
d) Blood pressure

A

b) ETCO₂

Volume vs RR

Slide 18

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50
Q

True or False

An orogastric tube (OGT) or nasogastric tube (NGT) is used during laparoscopy to decompress the stomach.

A

True

*Kane: place NGT if need post-op after laparoscopy”
Laparotomy
Post op ileus common → will need NGT post op
OGT more so for during the case

Slide 18

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51
Q

What treatments are given during laparoscopy? Select 3

a) IVF
b) Narcotics
c) NMBD
d) ASA

A

a) IVF for hemodynamic changes
(tailor amount for young vs elderly)
b) Narcotics
c) NMBD

use crystalloids
elderly + bowel prep = extra dehydration, may also consider albumin

Slide 18

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52
Q

True or False

Oxygen is usually not required postoperatively of Laparoscopy unless there are respiratory complications.

A

False

Pt. goes to PACU with O2

Slide 19

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53
Q

What is the most important complication that should be prevented after laparoscopy?

a) prevent infection
b) enhance wound healing
c) prevent nausea and vomiting
d) reduce swelling

A

c) prevent nausea and vomiting

Slide 19

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54
Q

What type of pain is/are mostly treated postoperatively after laparoscopy?
Select 2

a) surgical pain
b) acute pain
c) referred pain
d) visceral pain

A

a) surgical
c) referred

Slide 19

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55
Q

What should be discussed with patients preoperatively to help manage their postoperative pain after laparoscopy?

a) Dietary restrictions
b) Referred pain
c) Exercise routines
d) Social activities

A

b) Referred pain

Kane: Most pt. have pain on right shoulder
During embryonic stage, the nerve that supply shoulder and diaphragm are together and so shoulder pain occurs d/t to belly pain

Slide 19

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56
Q

According to the Surgical Care Improvement Project, when should antibiotics be administered prior to surgery?

a) Within 24 hours
b) Within 2 hours
c) Within 1 hour
d) Within 6 hours

A

c) Within 1 hour

*document that it is given”

Slide 20

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57
Q

Beta blockers should be given within what time frame in relation to surgery to comply with the Surgical Care Improvement Project guidelines?

a) Within 1 hour
b) Within 6 hours
c) Within 12 hours
d) Within 24 hours

A

d) Within 24 hours

Slide 20

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58
Q

What is the target body temperature that should be maintained during surgery according to the Surgical Care Improvement Project?

a) Less than 36°C
b) Greater than or equal to 36°C
c) Exactly 37°C
d) Between 35°C and 37°C

A

b) Greater than or equal to 36°C/96.8

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59
Q

When should the “time out” procedure be performed in relation to the surgical incision?

a) After the incision
b) During the incision
c) Prior to the incision
d) At the end of the surgery

A

c) Prior to the incision

Slide 20

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60
Q

What is the primary purpose of a biopsy in breast surgery?

a) To remove the entire breast
b) To excise a breast lesion with margins
c) To remove axillary lymph nodes
d) To perform breast reconstruction

A

b) To excise a breast lesion with margins

Slide 23

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61
Q

A lumpectomy (partial mastectomy) involves the removal of which size of breast lesion?

a) 0.5-1 cm
b) 1.5-2 cm
c) 2.5-5 cm
d) 5-7 cm

A

c) 2.5-5 cm

Slide 23

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62
Q

Which procedure involves the removal of the breast and nipple without lymph node involvement?

a) Biopsy
b) Lumpectomy
c) Simple mastectomy
d) Radical mastectomy

A

c) Simple mastectomy

No lymph node involvement or poor surgical risk

Slide 23

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63
Q

Which structures are removed in a modified radical mastectomy?

a) Only the breast and nipple
b) Breast, nipple, and axillary lymph nodes
c) Entire breast, nodes, and pectoralis muscle
d) Breast, nipple, and pectoralis muscle

A

b) Breast, nipple, and axillary lymph nodes

can have +/- reconstruction

Slide 23

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64
Q

A radical mastectomy includes the removal of (select 3)?

a) nodes
b) entire breast
c) Pectoralis muscle
d) Breast lesion with margins

A

a) nodes
b) entire breast
c) Pectoralis muscle

Slide 23

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65
Q

Which of the following are part of the preoperative evaluation for breast surgery? (Select 4)

a.) Evaluation of renal function
b.) Preop meds
c.) SCIP antibiotics
d.) Evaluation of cardio/pulm
e.) Pregnancy tests

Slide 24-27

A

B, C, D, E,

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66
Q

Which of the following are methods used intraoperatively during Bx vs. Mastectomy vs. Reconstruction? (Select 4)

a.) Wire localization
b.) Local vs LMA
c.) SLN mapping
d.) Postoperative oxygen
e.) frozen section

S 24-27

A

A, B, C,E

*Wire localization -Wire is to help locate small lesions

Local vs LMA - Small procedure (bx)+ minimal position changes ⇒ local & LMA

Mastectomy/reconstruction + positioning ⇒ req ETT

SLN mapping (sentinal lymph node maping) -To figure out if cancer in breast or it has gone to lymph nodes & is metastasizing

Frozen section -Dye is absorbed into lymph system and travels to primary lymph node and follow the drainage pattern. Surgeon removes lymph nodes till no more cancer cells.

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67
Q

What should be evaluated if the patient received radiation/chemotherapy prior to surgery?

a) Renal function
b) Cardio/pulmonary function
c) Gastrointestinal function
d) Neurological function

S 24-27

A

b) Cardio/pulmonary function

Breast Procedures

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68
Q

Which agent used in Sentinel Lymph Node mapping can cause a rare anaphylaxis?

a) Methylene blue
b) Indigo carmine
c) Lymphazurin
d) Fluorescein

S 24-27

A

c) Lymphazurin

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69
Q

Intraoperative pain control for breast surgeries can be managed using short-acting vs. _______ narcotics and multi-modal approaches including __________ blocks.

S 24-27

A
  • long-acting
  • paravertebral

Lots of nerves in breast! Be careful of long thoracic nerve –> can result in a winged scapula = debilitating pain & bad shoulder movement - the shoulder falls away from the posterior chest

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70
Q

A common method for breast reconstruction is the _______ flap, which uses muscle and skin from the abdominal area.

S 24-27

A

TRAM (Transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous)

Slide 27

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71
Q

Preoperative medications, SCIP antibiotics, and _______ tests are essential parts of the preoperative evaluation for Breast Surgeries.

S 24-27

A

Pregnancy

Slide 24

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72
Q

Which of the following are reconstruction methods mentioned? (Select 4)

a.) Tissue expander
b.) Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap
c.) Transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
d.) Deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) flap
e.) Free flap from the thigh

S 24-27

A

A, B, C, D
tissue expander - inject NS into breast tissue

slide 27

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73
Q

Match the following complications that can arise from Sentinel Lymph Node mapping using different dyes? (Select 3)

A

a.) Renal insufficiency (Methylene blue)
b.) Sulfa allergy reaction (Indigo carmine)
c.) rare Anaphylaxis (Lymphazurin)

Slide 25

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74
Q

Which type of anesthesia is mentioned as a possibility for breast biopsy vs. mastectomy vs. reconstruction?

a) Epidural anesthesia
b) Local vs LMA
c) Spinal anesthesia
d) Conscious sedation

S 24-27

A

b) Local vs LMA

Slide 25

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75
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of the Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap used in breast reconstruction? (Select 2)

a.) Uses muscle and skin from below the scapula
b.) Cut away as a pedicle graft and tunneled through axilla
c.) Cut away and tunneled through abdomen
d.) Denervates abdomen

A

A, B
Does not risk being avascular, looks natural, doesn’t take a long time

most commonly done

Slide 27

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76
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of the Transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap? Select 3.

a.) Uses abdominal muscle, sub-q, and skin
b.) Remains attached to native blood supply
c.) Skin and fat removed from abdomen without muscle
d.) Uses muscle and skin from below the scapula
e.) Mesh prosthesis to abdomen

A

A, B, E
Women like it,it makes them feel skinny ;)
However, because it pulls muscle from the belly there is less support in that area & can end up with abdominal hernia if no mesh added

Slide 27

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77
Q

Which reconstruction method involves the removal of skin and fat from the abdomen without using muscle, thereby preserving abdominal strength?

a) Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap
b) Transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
c) Deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) flap
d) Tissue expander

A

c) Deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) flap

*Denervates abdomen. Very vascular heals nicely, but not as much volume

Slide 27

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78
Q

Which type of breast reconstruction is cut away as a pedicle graft and tunneled through the axilla?

a) Tissue expander
b) Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap
c) Transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
d) Deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) flap

A

b) Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap

Slide 27

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79
Q

Which of the following are indications for Nissen fundoplication? (Select 3)

a.) To increase lower esophageal sphincter pressure
b.) Complications from GERD
c.) Ingestion of too many antacids
d.) Failure or unwillingness to commit to medication

S 28-31

A

A, B, D

Complications from GERD include:
Stricture
Aspiration pneumonia
Esophageal ulcerations
Barrett’s esophagus

Slide 29

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80
Q

What is the primary purpose of Nissen fundoplication?

a) To decrease stomach size
b) To increase lower esophageal sphincter pressure
c) To remove esophageal tumors
d) To bypass the esophagus

S 28-31

A

b) To increase lower esophageal sphincter pressure

Wrap stomach around esophagus to increase pressure

Slide 29

81
Q

Which positioning is used intraoperatively for Nissen fundoplication?

a) Prone, high lithotomy
b) Supine, low lithotomy, reverse Trendelenburg
c) Lateral decubitus
d) High Fowler’s position

A

b) Supine, low lithotomy, reverse Trendelenburg

Slide 31

82
Q

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as _______, ________, __________ and ___________ are used preoperatively to decrease acid production by blocking ATPase in parietal cells.

A
  • the prazoles… nexium, prevacid, protonix, prilosec

preop- Nissen fundoplication

Slide 30

83
Q

Prokinetic drugs like _______ and domperidone are used preoperatively to strengthen the LES and increase gastric emptying.

A

metoclopramide

Nissen fundoplication
preop -

Slide 30

84
Q

Intraoperatively, an _______ (___fr) is used to dilate the esophagus during Nissen fundoplication.

A
  • esophageal dilator
  • 60 Fr

Slide 31

85
Q

Nissen fundoplication

Intraoperatively, for a nissen fundoplication, which of the following are necessary? Select 4.
a) GETA/RSI
b) SCIP antibiotics
c) OGT
d) Esophageal constrictor
e) Preop meds

A

a, b, c, e
a) GETA/RSI - will always be an RSI due to risk of aspiration from GERD
c) OGT - to decompress

86
Q

Stricture, Aspiration pneumonia, Esophageal ulcerations and
Barrett’s esophagus area all complications of _________.

A

GERD

Slide 29

87
Q

What is the purpose of the esophageal dilator used intraoperatively during Nissen fundoplication?

a) To remove esophageal polyps
b) To strengthen the esophageal wall
c) To dilate the esophagus and ensure the wrap is not too tight
d) To measure esophageal pH

A

c) To dilate the esophagus and ensure the wrap is not too tigh

Slide 31

88
Q

Documented esophageal _______ is an important preoperative consideration for Nissen fundoplication.

A

hyperacidity

Slide 30

89
Q

Which of the following are indications for a cholecystectomy? (Select 2)

a.) Symptomatic cholelithiasis
b.) Symptomatic cholecystitis
c.) Asymptomatic gallstones
d.) Pancreatitis

S 32-35

A

a.) Symptomatic cholelithiasis
b.) Symptomatic cholecystitis

Slide 33

90
Q

Which of the following preoperative considerations are important for cholecystectomy? (Select 3)

a.) Many are emergent with a full stomach
b.) Use of prokinetics
c.) Administration of Bicitra
d.) NPO status for 24 hours

A

A, B, C
**A- make them an RSI

Slide 34

91
Q

What are the typical characteristics of patients with symptomatic cholecystitis referred to as the “5 F’s”?

a) Female, fifty, fair, full, fat
b) Female, forty, fair, flatulent, fat
c) Female, forty, fit, flatulent, fat
d) Female, fifty, fair, flatulent, fat

A

b) Female, forty, fair, flatulent, fat

slide 33

92
Q

Which position is commonly used during a cholecystectomy?

a) Supine, high lithotomy
b) Prone, reverse Trendelenburg
c) Supine, reverse Trendelenburg, left tilt
d) Lateral decubitus, right tilt

A

c) Supine, reverse Trendelenburg, left tilt

Slide 35

93
Q

During intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), _______ is used to manage sphincter of Oddi spasm.

A

glucagon
*Oddi of spasm is caused by opiods and dye not dispersing

Causes relaxation and helps w spread of dye

Slide 35

94
Q

Which of the following conditions might require endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during a cholecystectomy?

a) Cholecystitis
b) Choledocholithiasis
c) Pancreatitis
d) Gastritis

A

b) Choledocholithiasis

Slide 35

95
Q

What is the purpose of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during a cholecystectomy?

a) To visualize the stomach
b) To monitor cardiac function
c) To visualize the bile ducts and check for stones
d) To measure blood pressure

A

c) To visualize the bile ducts and check for stones

Slide 35

96
Q

For cholecystectomy intraoperative management, an orogastric tube (OGT) is placed to _______ the stomach.

S 32-35

A

decompress

Cholecystectomy
side note also make them GETA

Slide 35

97
Q

Which structures form the boundaries of the Triangle of Calot for a cholecystectomy ? (Select 3)

a.) Cystic duct
b.) Common hepatic duct
c.) Cystic artery
d.) Common bile duct
e.) Inferior Liver border

32-35

A

a.) Cystic duct
b.) Common hepatic duct
e.) Inferior Liver border

Cholecystectomy

Slide 32

98
Q

Which of the following are indications for a splenectomy? (Select 4)

a.) Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
b.) Lymphoma
c.) Hemolytic anemia
d.) Trauma
e.) Chronic pancreatitis

A

a.) Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
b.) Lymphoma
c.) Hemolytic anemia
d.) Trauma

Slide 37

99
Q

Which of the following preoperative considerations are important for patients undergoing splenectomy? (Select 4)

a.) Pneumococcal vaccination
b.) Meningococcal vaccination
c.) H. influenza vaccination
d.) Hepatitis B vaccination
e.) Evaluate left lower lobe atelectasis

A

a.) Pneumococcal vaccination
b.) Meningococcal vaccination
c.) H. influenza vaccination
e.) Evaluate lower lobe atelectasis - spleen could be a little larger, might be more complicated d/t hematoma. Lobe can also not be able to expand because spleen is large

Vaccines should be given 1 week preop if NOT emergent surgery
Spleen wont be able to protect against these organisms

Slide 38

100
Q

Which intraoperative position is typically used for splenectomy?

a) Supine with head elevated
b) 45 degree Left lateral decubitus with kidney rest and table flexed
c) 45 degree Right lateral decubitus with kidney rest and table flexed
d) 60 degree Right lateral decubitus with kidney rest and table flexed

A

c) 45 degree Right lateral decubitus with kidney rest and table flexed

*also make sure GETA and extra IV access

Slide 39

101
Q

What is the primary difference between a Type and Cross test and a Type and Screen test?

a) Type and Cross only determines blood type, while Type and Screen identifies antibodies
b) Type and Screen is more specific for blood transfusion than Type and Cross
c) Type and Cross determines blood type and identifies antibodies, while Type and Screen only determines blood types
d) There is no significant difference between the two tests

S 36-39

A

c) Type and Cross determines blood type and identifies antibodies, while Type and Screen only determines blood types

obtain for splenectomy

Slide 39

102
Q

Which of the following are indications for a bowel resection? (Select all that apply)

a.) Ulcerative colitis
b.) Crohn’s disease
c.) Diverticular disease
d.) Cancers
e.) Ischemic bowel

S 40-43

A

all the above

Slide 41

103
Q

Which of the following preoperative preparations are important for bowel resection? (Select 5)

a.) Bowel prep
b.) Mu-opioid antagonists
c.) Preoperative warming
d.) Gabapentin, acetaminophen, scopolamine
e.) Gatorade
f.) Prokinetics

S 40-43

A

a.) Bowel prep
b.) Mu-opioid antagonists

** ERAS**
Belly surgies complicated = fluid shifts & infections
c.) Preoperative warming - no shivering uses too much energy
d.) Gabapentin, acetaminophen, scopolamine
e.) Gatorade -

Pre-operative warming to reduce shivering

Bowel loses fluid quickly - keep wet,covered,maintain temp= hypovolemic

Slide 42

104
Q

Which mu-opioid antagonist is mentioned for use preoperatively in bowel resection to prevent postoperative ileus?

a) Naloxone
b) Alvimopan (Entereg)
c) Naltrexone
d) Methylnaltrexone

A

b) Alvimopan (Entereg)

Alvimopan attaches to receptors on bowel. It must be given prior to any other narcotics.

It prevents narcotics from attaching to the bowel receptors and can reduce incidence of ileus

Prevent ileus from lasting longer and lets patient leave quicker after surgery

Slide 42

105
Q

Preoperative medications for bowel resection may include gabapentin, acetaminophen, and _______ to help manage pain and nausea.

A

scopolamine
*Preop - consider also GETA, OG/NGT, SCIP antibiotics, post op pain control - TAP block or lumbar epidural

Slide 42

106
Q

Which intraoperative position is commonly used for bowel resection?

a) Prone
b) Supine or low lithotomy
c) Left lateral decubitus
d) High Fowler’s

A

b) Supine or low lithotomy
Frequent position changes

Slide 43

107
Q

A consequence of the bowel prep is dehydration. Intraoperatively ____ or _____ should be given.

S 40-43

A
  • Crystalloids
  • Albumin

Albumin>Crystalloid
Also consider hetastarch, plasmalyte – more osmolarity

Slide 43

108
Q

An Appendectomy is considered for suspected _________.

A

Appendicitis

109
Q

All patient’s having an Apendectomy are considered a _____ stomach and will receive an ______ induction.

A
  • Full
  • RSI

Decreased peristalsis
Use GETA

Bc usually emergent = inflammation

Slide 46

110
Q

Appendicitis patients will be dehydrated due to ______ and _______.

S 44-46

A
  • fever
  • nausea and vomiting

Slide 46

111
Q

Lab work before an Appendecomy will show (Select 3)
a.) hemodilution
b.) hemoconcentration
c.) elevated BUN
d.) elevated creatinine
e.) normal creatinine

S 44-46

A

b.) hemoconcentration
c.) elevated BUN
e.) normal creatinine

Creatinine will be normal (d/t dehydration NOT kidney issues)

Slide 46

112
Q

Which position is commonly used for a patient undergoing surgery for appendicitis?
a) Supine, arms at the side, trendelenburng
b) Supine, left arm tucked, trendelenburg
c) Supine, arms extended, reverse tburg
d) Supine, right arm tucked, reverse tburg

A

b) Supine, left arm tucked, trendelenburg
Both surgeons stand on the same side during surgery. Tucking one arm allows them more room and prevent injury to the left arm if it were to be extended

Side 47

113
Q

Which of the following are used during an appendectomy?
(Select 2)

A. SCIP antibiotics
B. NGT
C. OGT
D. No SCIP antibiotics

A

A. SCIP antibiotics
C. OGT

Slide 47

114
Q

Which of the following procedures is characterized by a slow weight loss of 55% excess over 5 years and is easily removed?
a) Sleeve Gastrectomy
b) Gastric Bypass
c) Lap Banding
d) Lap Bypass

A

c) Lap Banding

Slide 48

115
Q

Which bariatric procedures are known for rapid initial weight loss? Select 2
a) Lap Banding
b) Sleeve Gastrectomy
c) Gastric Bypass
d) Lap Gastrectomy

A

Both b and c
Sleeve gastrectomy is not EASILY reversible while the gastric bypass is NOT reversible at all.

Gastric bypass if for patients that need to lose >300lbs quickly

Slide 48

116
Q

Which procedure has the potential complication of band erosion?
a) Sleeve Gastrectomy
b) Gastric Bypass
c) Lap Banding
d) Sleeve banding

A

c) Lap Banding
Has an access port to blow up a balloon, it adjusts how big your stomach is/how much food goes through

Loss of weight is slower, or you can still overeat and not lose weight

Pro:quick procedure, no suture line, no altered nutrients

Slide 48

117
Q

In which procedure are nutrients not affected, but suture line issues and overeating can be complications?
a) Lap Banding
b) Sleeve Gastrectomy
c) Gastric Bypass
d) Gastric Gastrectomy

A

b) Sleeve Gastrectomy

Slide 48

118
Q

Which bariatric procedure involves the highest risk of malabsorption?
a) Sleeve Gastrectomy
b) Gastric Bypass
c) Lap Banding
d) Gastric Banding

A

b) Gastric Bypass
Missing absorption spots for vitamins + proteins bc sx close to descending colon/rectum

Slide 48

119
Q

Which bariatric procedure involves two suture lines and protein/nutrients ARE affected?
a) Lap Banding
b) Sleeve Gastrectomy
c) Gastric Bypass
d) None of the above

A

c) Gastric Bypass aka Roux-en-Y
higher incidence of peritonitus with the double suture line

Overtime, surgery has improved by not resecting very much intestine and nutrient absorption has improved

Pro:Lose weight fast!

Slide 48

120
Q

Which bariatric procedures are known for not affecting nutrients? Select 2
a) Lap Banding
b) Sleeve Gastrectomy
c) Gastric Bypass
d) Lap Gastrectomy

A

a) Lap Banding
b) Sleeve Gastrectomy -Cut a sleeve, long straight narrow piece of stomach off

Sleeve gastrectomy helps with weight loss, uses one incision instead of 2

Slide 48

121
Q

Which of the following comorbidities is NOT listed as an indication for bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients?
a) Hypertension (HTN)
b) Diabetes
c) Sleep apnea
d) Osteoarthritis
e)asthma

A

d) Osteoarthritis

Slide 49

122
Q

Bariatric surgery is indicated for patients with a BMI greater than _________ with comorbidities:
a) 25
b) 30
c) 35
d) 40

A

c) >35

AND a BMI >40 with NO co-morbidities is also indicated for bariatric surgery

Slide 49

123
Q

Which of the following medications should be reviewed preoperatively for bariatric surgery patients due to their potential impact on surgery?
a) Appetite suppressors
b) Appetite stimulants
c) Antibiotics
d) Ointments

A

a) Appetite suppressors
Garlic, ginko, ginseng

Stop all the G supplements = bleeding

Slide 50

124
Q

What are key factors in ventilating bariatric patients before induction of anesthesia? (2)
a) Increase nitrogen levels
b) De-nitrogenate
c) Limit oxygen intake
d) Use only room air
e) Preoxygenate well

A

b) De-nitrogenate
e) Preoxygenate well

Beautiful airway but will desat quick
:(

Slide 50

125
Q

Which condition is commonly undiagnosed in bariatric patients and must be considered preoperatively?
a) Hypertension
b) OSA
c) Diabetes
d) COPD

A

b) OSA

Slide 50

126
Q

What is a critical preoperative consideration for assessing the airway in bariatric patients?
a) Placing them in supine
b) Limit preoperative sedation
c) Increase fluid intake
d) Ensure fasting for 4 hours

A

b) Limit preoperative sedation
They most of the time have beautiful class I airway. They have trouble oxygenation in supine position.

Slide 50

127
Q

True or False

VTE prophylaxis is not important in bariatric surgery

A

FALSE

VTE is critical for bariatric surgery

Slide 50

128
Q

During bariatric surgery, the patient is often placed in reverse Trendelenburg or with the head of the bed up 30 degrees to ensure ________.
a) Good preoxygenation
b) Better vocal cord visualization
c) Reduced bleeding
d) Faster recovery

A

a) Good preoxygenation

Ramp these pt up!

Slide 51

129
Q

For obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, ________ anesthesia and rapid sequence induction (RSI) are used because they do not tolerate the supine position well.
a) Local
b) Spinal
c) GETA
d) Regional

A

c) GETA
Induction based on end point
Put patients on a wedge, stack towels to ensure their chin is ABOVE the sternal notch

RAMP

Slide 51

130
Q

What should be removed before placing the calibration tube for lap band bariatric surgery?.
a) JP drain
b) Chest tube
c) Foley catheter
d) Orogastric tube

A

d) Orogastric tube

Slide 51

131
Q

Which of the following are long-term concerns for bariatric surgery patients? (Select 3)

a) Diarrhea
b) Dysphagia
c) Weight gain
d) Protein malabsorption
e) Hyperthyroidism

A

a) Diarrhea
b) Dysphagia - mostly with the lap band surgery - pt feels like food isn’t going past it. In the office they can let the gastric band balloon down a little
d) Protein malabsorption -Less contact time, less bile/pancreatic enzymes

Slide 52

132
Q

Which vitamins are commonly malabsorbed after bariatric surgery? Select 2
a) Vitamin A, D, C and B6
b) Vitamins A, D, E, K
c) Vitamin B1, B12 and folic acid
d) Vitamin B3, B5 and calcium
e) B12 and calcium

A

b) Vitamins A, D, E, K
e) B12 and calcium
Less contact time, less bile/pancreatic enzymes

Slide 52

133
Q

________ is a common reason for converting from laparoscopic surgery to laparotomy due to the difficulty in visualizing and navigating the surgical area. Select 4

a) Obesity
b) Clear anatomy
c) Bleeding
d) Successful staple firing
e) Adhesions (scar tissue)
f) Unclear anatomy

A

a) Obesity
c) Bleeding
d) Adhesions (scar tissue)
f) Unclear anatomy

Slide 54

134
Q

The inability to ________ the patient during laparoscopic surgery may require conversion to open surgery.

a) Sedate
b) Ventilate
c) Position
d) Medicate

A

b) Ventilate
*Especially in obese patients in trendelenburg. + insufflation *

Slide 54

135
Q

A ________ can necessitate the conversion from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery due to equipment malfunction.

a) Successful staple firing
b) Patient stability
c) Clear anatomical view
d) Staple misfire

A

b) Staple misfire

Slide 54

136
Q

Indications for exploratory laparotomy due to failed laparoscopic surgery include ________, abdominal catastrophes, and staging.

a) Trauma
b) Infection
c) Elective surgery
d) Tumor removal

A

a) Trauma

Slide 55

137
Q

What type of anesthesia is generally used for vaginal sling procedures?
a) Local anesthesia
b) Spinal anesthesia
c) General anesthesia
d) Epidural anesthesia

A

c) General anesthesia usually with LMA and no muscle relaxant

Slide 68

138
Q

The term “stress urinary leak point” refers to:
a) The point at which the bladder spontaneously empties
b) The pressure at which leakage occurs due to abdominal pressure
c) The time it takes for urine to leak after physical activity
d) The volume of urine leaked during stress

A

b) The pressure at which leakage occurs due to abdominal pressure

Slide 67

139
Q

Intraoperatively, ________ is needed for retraction and less pain when converting from laparoscopic to laparotomy surgery.

a) Epidural anesthesia
b) Spinal anesthesia
c) GETA
d) NMBD

A

d) NMBD
*Profound muscle relaxation *

Slide 55

140
Q

What type of anesthesia can be used when converting from laparoscopic to laparotomy? (Select 2)
a) Spinal anesthesia
b) Epidural anesthesia
c) GETA
d) Local anesthesia

A

b) Epidural anesthesia - *consider placing in postop.. *
c) GETA

Also consider multi-modal pain control

Slide 55

141
Q

Which intraoperative measure is used to prevent ileus in exploratory laparotomy patients?
a) Foley catheter
b) Epidural placement
c) Nasogastric tube (NGT)
d) Intravenous fluids

A

c) Nasogastric tube (NGT)

Slide 55

142
Q

According to the SCIP protocol, why is it important to keep the patient warm during surgery?
a) To prevent infection
b) To ensure rapid recovery
c) To manage pain
d) To prevent hypothermia

A

d) To prevent hypothermia
SCIP protocol

Slide 55

143
Q

PONV is more common in patients undergoing ________.

a) Laparoscopy
b) Minor procedures
c) Dental surgery
d) Cataract surgery

A

a) Laparoscopy or Laparotomy

Slide 57

144
Q

________ anesthetics are associated with a higher incidence of PONV.

a) Local
b) Regional
c) Volatile
d) Intravenous

A

c) Volatile

Slide 57

145
Q

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for PONV?
a) Female gender
b) Laparoscopy or Laparotomy
c) Use of volatile anesthetics
d) Use of non-opioid analgesics

A

d) Use of non-opioid analgesics

Being Female and the use of opioids can cause PONV

Slide 57 -Gynecological Surgery Specifics

146
Q

What does the abbreviation D&C stand for in medical terminology?
a) Dilatation and Curettage
b) Diagnosis and Cessation
c) Drainage and Cleansing
d) Dissection and Cauterization

A

a) Dilatation and Curettage

*This surgery may be combined with other procedures (hysteroscopy, conization) *

For young lady post-C section bleeding or old lady endometrial cancer w/ bleeding

Slide 58

147
Q

A D&C procedure is used to remove the ________ lining of the uterus.

a) Muscular
b) Endometrial
c) Cervical
d) Peritoneal

A

b) Endometrial

Slide 59

148
Q

D&C can diagnose and treat bleeding from the ________ or cervix.

a) Ovaries
b) Uterus
c) Fallopian tubes
d) Vagina

A

b) Uterus

Slide 59

149
Q

If retained products of conception are present, consider the risks of ________ and blood loss.

a) Infection
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypertension
d) Sepsis

A

d) Sepsis

Slide 59

150
Q

During a D&C procedure, the patient is typically placed in the ________ position.

a) Supine
b) Prone
c) Lithotomy
d) Lateral

A

c) Lithotomy

Peroneal Nerve Injury!!
Table – foot of the bed goes down – make sure the hands and fingers are not trapped

Slide 60

151
Q

________ anesthesia is commonly used during a D&C procedure.

a) Local
b) Spinal
c) General
d) Regional

A

c) General

*May be combined with other procedures (hysteroscopy, conization) *

Slide 60

152
Q

Postoperatively, patients may experience ________ pain, but typically not much pain medication is given.

a) Severe
b) Crampy
c) Sharp
d) Constant

A

b) Crampy

Slide 60 D& C

153
Q

SCIP antibiotics are generally not used during D&C unless requested by surgery or if there is a presence of ________.

a) Clean urine sample
b) Cloudy urine
c) No signs of infection
d) Normal urine output

A

b) Cloudy urine indicating a UTI

..or if the surgeon has a preference

Slide 60

154
Q

Bradycardia and vagal response during a D&C procedure might be caused by:
a) Over sedation
b) A Tenaculum pinching the cervix
c) High blood pressure
d) Excessive blood loss

A

b) A tenaculum pinching on the cervix

….doesn’t look painful at all right?

Slide 60

155
Q

To manage bleeding during a D&C, ________ IV may be administered.

a) Epinephrine
b) Lidocaine
c) Pitocin
d) Furosemide

A

c) Pitocin -* IV 20units – treats bleeding*

Slide 60/61

156
Q

What does the abbreviation D&E stand for?
a) Dilatation and Evacuation
b) Diagnosis and Examination
c) Drainage and Extraction
d) Dissection and Elimination

A

a) Dilatation and Evacuation

Slide 61

157
Q

A D&E procedure is used for ________ or accidental miscarriage.

a) Menstrual regulation
b) Birth control
c) Abortion
d) Fertility treatment

A

c) Abortion

Slide 61

158
Q

The guidelines for D&E procedures vary by ________, and practitioners must abide by federal regulations.

a) Hospital
b) Doctor
c) State
d) Patient

A

c) State

Slide 61

159
Q

For pregnancies between ________ weeks, a counseling and waiting period, as well as parental involvement, may be required for a D&E.

a) 10-12
b) 15-18
c) 20-24
d) 25-28

A

c) 20-24

Counseling/Waiting period
Parental involvement - in some state the pregnant person may become emancipated

Slide 61

160
Q

If the patient becomes febrile and shows signs and symptoms of sepsis 3-4 days post-D&E, ________ should be administered.

a) Painkillers
b) Antipyretics
c) Antibiotics
d) Antivirals

A

c) Antibiotics
SCIP protocol

Slide 61

161
Q

Pitocin is secreted from the ________.

a) Adrenal cortex
b) Thyroid gland
c) Neuro-hypophysis
d) Pancreas

A

c) Neuro-hypophysis

Slide 62

162
Q

The primary function of Pitocin is to stimulate ________.

a) Heart rate
b) Uterine contraction
c) Blood pressure
d) Respiratory rate

A

b) Uterine contraction

Slide 62

163
Q

Pitocin is similar to ________, which increases water reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate.

a) Oxytocin
b) Epinephrine
c) Vasopressin
d) Insulin

A

c) Vasopressin

Slide 62

164
Q

Hysteroscopy allows examination of the ________ cavity.
- a) Vaginal
- b) Endometrial
- c) Abdominal
- d) Cervical

A
  • b) Endometrial

slide 64

165
Q

One of the purposes of a hysteroscopy is to investigate ________ bleeding.
- a) Postpartum
- b) Intra-uterine
- c) Menopausal
- d) Post-coital

A
  • b) Intra-uterine

Slide 64

166
Q

During a hysteroscopy, the uterus is inflated with__________/ ________ solution or sorbitol. Select 2
- a) Dextrose
- b) Lactated Ringer’s
- c) Distilled water
- d) Saline

A

b) Lactated Ringer’s
d) Saline

Slide 64

167
Q

Sorbitol used for uterine inflation during a hysteroscopy can cause ________ if used in excess.
a) Hypernatremia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Sugar deficiencies
d) Dehydration

A

c) Sugar deficiencies
..excess of fructose and possible seizures

Slide 64

168
Q

What is a potential bad effect of using normal saline during a hysteroscopy?
a) It can cause dehydration.
b) It carries a current
c) It increases the risk of infection.
d) It can cause hypoglycemia.

A

b) It carries a current

If the doctor cauterizes inside the uterus it could carry current to other bodily structures and burn them

Slide 64

169
Q

Which type of anesthesia is generally preferred for hysteroscopy? Select 2
a) General anesthesia
b) Paracervical block
c) Spinal anesthesia
d) Pudendal block

A

a) General anesthesia - preferred (LMA)
b) Paracervical block

Slide 65

170
Q

What are some intraoperative considerations for a hysteroscopy procedure? (Select 3)
a) Post-op pain
b) Monitoring for bradycardia
c) Administering SCIP antibiotics
d) Excessive bleeding

A

a) Post-op pain -* discomfort in bladder - feel like they need to pee, not a lot of pain*
b) Monitoring for bradycardia
c) Administering SCIP antibiotics

Slide 65

171
Q

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is due to loss of muscle support often affects which anatomical structures?
a) Ovaries and fallopian tubes
b) Uterus and cervix
c) Bladder neck and pelvic floor
d) Vagina and urethra

A

c) Bladder neck and pelvic floor

Slide 67

172
Q

Which groups of women are commonly affected by the need for sling procedures due to stress incontinence? (Select 2)
a) Older, multiparous women
b) Menopausal , college athletes
c) Menopausal, multiparous
d) Nulliparous, college athletes

A

a) Older, multiparous women
d) 1/4 Nulliparous, college athletes - jumping sports

Loose muscle stability =stress incontinence &require sling

Slide 67

173
Q

What percentage of women may require sling procedures for stress urinary incontinence (SUI)?
a) 5-10%
b) 15-60%
c) 20-40%
d) 50-70%

A

b) 15-60%
Stress urinary leak point
(abdominal leak point pressure)

Slide 67

174
Q

What material is commonly used in sling procedures for stress incontinence and is non-absorbable?
a) Polyester mesh
b) Prolene mesh
c) Silk mesh
d) Nylon mesh

A

b) Prolene mesh

Use of mesh with needles on each side to make a sling to pull up parts.

Select 67

175
Q

Why might patients experience postoperative pain after sling procedures?
a) Due to intubation
b) Due to needles
c) Due to anesthesia wearing off
d) Due to dehydration

A

b) Due to needles
Kane - we took two big huge hurken needles and stick them in places where they don’t normally have poke holes

Slide 67

176
Q

In which position is the patient typically placed for a vaginal sling procedure?
a) Supine
b) Prone
c) Lithotomy
d) Lateral

A

c) Lithotomy

Slide 68

177
Q

True or False

SCIP antibiotics are given during vaginal sling cases

A

TRUE
To prevent infection due to non-sterile environment…aka the vagina

Slide 68

178
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding the intraoperative considerations for treating condyloma? Select 3.

a.) Lithotomy position is recommended.
b.) Local anesthesia is preferred.
c.) General anesthesia is used.
d.) Laser masks are optional.
e) Smoke evacuation is necessary.

A

a.) Lithotomy position is recommended.
c.) General anesthesia is used.
e) Smoke evacuation is necessary.

Oropharyngeal condyloma can be in supine position. - LMA can be used
Rectal condylomas can be put in prone - ETT can be used

S 70

179
Q

In the treatment of condyloma, it is important to use ______ masks and ensure ______ evacuation of plume.

A
  • laser
  • smoke

*Smoke evacuation – special enclosed suction machine to suck up the burned “plume”. *

S 70

180
Q

Which of the following are causes of a weakened pelvic floor leading to the need for repair -cele procedures? (3)

a.) Delivery
b.) Aging
c.) Previous pelvic surgery
d.) Obesity
e.) Hormonal imbalances

A

a.) Delivery - long pushing/lots of force - repair postponed…
b.) Aging -elderly
c.) Previous pelvic surgery

S 72

181
Q

Which type of prolapse is associated with the anterior pelvic wall?

A) Enterocele
B) Rectocele
C) Cystocele
D) Uterine prolapse

A

C) Cystocele
bladder herniates through vaginal wall

S 72

182
Q

Which of the following are other types of pelvic organ prolapse?

a.) Penilocele
b.) Rectocele
c.) Enterocele
e.) Vaginocele

A

b.) Rectocele - Posterior prolapse – the large intestine (rectum) pushes against and moves the back wall of the vagina outside.
c.) Enterocele - when the small bowel presses against and moves the upper wall of the vagina outside

S 72

183
Q

What type of anesthesia is used for repair procedures of the pelvic floor?

A) Local anesthesia
B) General anesthesia
C) Regional anesthesia
D) No anesthesia

A

B) General anesthesia
ETT (2-3hrs ) vs. LMA (minor prolapse, quick surgery)

S 73

184
Q

The intraoperative considerations for repair procedures include positioning the patient in the ______ position and inserting a ______ catheter.

A
  • Lithotomy
  • Foley ->2hr procedure

S 73

185
Q

Which of the following are types of hysterectomy? Select 3

a.) Partial hysterectomy
b.) Total hysterectomy
c.) Total hysterectomy with removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes
d.) Subtotal hysterectomy
e.) Radical hysterectomy

A

a.) Partial hysterectomy -removal of just the uterus
b.) Total hysterectomy - removal of Uterus and cervix
c.) Total hysterectomy with removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes - and cervix

S 74

186
Q

What does the acronym BSO stand for in the context of surgical procedures?

A. Bilateral Salpingectomy and Oophorectomy
B. Bilateral Surgical Omentectomy
C. Bilateral Sympathetic Operation
D. Bilateral Septal Osteotomy

A

A. Bilateral Salpingectomy and Oophorectomy

Slide 74

187
Q

Which of the following incisions are used for abdominal hysterectomy?

A) Vertical midline
B) Pfannenstiel
C) Subcostal
D) McBurney

A

B) Pfannenstiel
Pfannesnstiel is more common, aka bikini cut. Can also do a midline incision, but not normally done.

Mostly supine position

S 75

188
Q

What does LAVH stand for?

A. Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy
B. Lateral assisted vaginal hysterectomy
C. Laparoscopic abdominal vaginal hysterectomy
D. Laparoscopic assisted vascular hysterectomy

A

A. Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy
small incisions in the belly and then everything comes out the vagina

Can be supine and lithotomy position

Slide 75

189
Q

The two approaches for performing a hysterectomy are the ______ approach, involving an incision in the abdomen, and the ______ approach, which involves removal through the vaginal canal.

A
  • Midline
  • Vaginal all through the vagina and only lithotomy position

S 75

190
Q

What is the preferred type of anesthesia for a hysterectomy?

A) Local anesthesia
B) General anesthesia
C) Spinal anesthesia
D) Epidural anesthesia

A

B) General anesthesia -ETT

S 76

191
Q

A common cause of bradycardia during a hysterectomy is _______ , and the medication that should be readily available to treat this is _______ .

A. pulling on ureter tubes and cervix; atropine
B. pulling on fallopian tubes and cervix; glycopyrrolate
C. pulling on fallopian tubes and cervix; epinephrine
D. pulling on fallopian tubes and cervix; midazolam

A

B. pulling on fallopian tubes and cervix; glycopyrrolate (robinul)

S 76

192
Q

Which of the following intraoperative considerations are correct for a hysterectomy procedure?

A. Foley catheter; antibiotics not required; bowel prep
B. Foley catheter; antibiotics are required; possible bowel prep
C. Foley catheter; antibiotics are not required; no bowel prep
D. Foley catheter; antibiotics are required; bowel prep is always required.

A

B. Foley catheter is placed for surgeries lasting more than 2 hours; antibiotics are required according to SCIP guidelines; possible bowel prep depends on the surgeon or patient history

Slide 76

193
Q

Which of the following are advantages of robotic surgery? Select 3

a.) Improved dexterity
b.) 3-dimensional vision
c.) Reduced operating room time
d.) Increased precision
e.) Lower cost
f.) 4-dimensional vision

A

a.) Improved dexterity
b.) 3-dimensional vision
d.) Increased precision

S 78

194
Q

True or False

The one disadvantage of using the Robot for surgery is the added operating room time

A

True
*– big learning curve, how to dock the robot, learning how to move the arms**

Slide 78

195
Q

When was robotic surgery first used in gynecology for fallopian tubal anastomoses?

A) 1995
B) 1999
C) 2003
D) 2007

A

B) 1999

S 78

196
Q

Which of the following is a requirement for robotic surgery as mentioned in the intraoperative slide?

A) Local anesthesia
B) General anesthesia
C) Spinal anesthesia
D) No anesthesia

A

B) General anesthesia

S 79

197
Q

Why is fluid restriction important during robotic surgeries?

A. To prevent dehydration
B. Patient is positioned upside down
C. To enhance muscle relaxation
D. To avoid excessive urination

A

B. Because the patient is positioned upside down, and fluid can follow gravity causing edematous airways

S 79

198
Q

Which of the following are considerations for robotic surgeries?
Select 2

A. Regional anesthesia
B. Frequent repositioning of the patient
C. SCIP antibiotics
D. Good muscle relaxation
E. No muscle relaxation

A

C. SCIP antibiotics
D. Good muscle relaxation

Slide 79

DH: Principles I (50 decks)

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