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Oral Biology > General Embryology > Flashcards

General Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is paracrine regulation?

A

Growth factor that acts on a cell near the manufacturing cell

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2
Q

What is endocrine regulation?

A

Growth factor that travels from production cell via the blood to effector cell

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3
Q

Which Growth factor plays a major role in craniofacial development?

A

BMP

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4
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

Protein that binds to a specific DNA region to control transcription

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5
Q

What are the 4 main categories of transcription factors?

A

Homeodomain
Zinc finger
Basic helix-loop-helix
Winged helix

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6
Q

Which genes regulate body segmentation?

A

Homeobox genes

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7
Q

What are 4 examples of homeobox genes?

A

1-Hox genes:patterning the body axis
2-Msx genes:control proliferation and differentiation
3-Dlx genes:control ectodermal development
4-Sonic hedgehog genes:induction of facial primordium

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8
Q

What is autocrine regulation?

A

Growth factor that acts on the same cell that produced it

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9
Q

When does the preimplantation period take place?

A

First week after conception

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10
Q

Non disjunction can result in what?

A

Extra chromosomes in a gamete

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11
Q

What is the solid ball of cells called after initial cleavage?

A

Morula

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12
Q

What does the morula turn into next?

A

Blastocyst

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13
Q

Disturbances during the preimplantation period are called what?

A

Congenital malformations

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14
Q

What period is known as the embryonic period?

A

Beginning of week two until end of week 8

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15
Q

What are the 5 developmental processes in the embryo?

A 
1-Induction
2-proliferation
3-differentiation
4-morphogenesis
5-maturation
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16
Q

What is induction?

A

Action of a group of cells leading to establishment of developmental pathways in tissue

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17
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Controlled cellular growth

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18
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Change of embryonic cells to become distinct structurally and functionally

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19
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Cell migration that develops into specific tissue structure

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20
Q

What is maturation?

A

Process of attaining adult function

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21
Q

What is a cells competence?

A

Ability to respond to induction

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22
Q

What are the three germ cell layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

23
Q

Which cells reorganize to for the amniotic cavity of the embryoblast?

A

Dorsal cells (epiblast layer)

24
Q

Which cells organize to form the roof of the secondary yolk sac of the embryoblast?

A

Ventral cells (hypoblast layer)

25
Q

What shape are epiblast cells?

A

High columnar

26
Q

What shape are hypoblast cells?

A

Small cuboidal

27
Q

When does the primitive streak form?

A

3rd week

28
Q

Why is the primitive streak important?

A

Critical for bilateral symmetry and germ layer formation

29
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

Ectodermal cells invaginate, proliferation and migrate.

30
Q

What is another name for mesoblast cells?

A

Mesenchyme

31
Q

What is the end result of gastrulation?

A
  • 3 embryonic layers form
  • disc has cephalon end
  • oropharyngeal membrane is formed
  • stomodeum (primitive mouth)
32
Q

What do Ectodermal cells give rise to?

A
  • Nervous system
  • hair, nails, sweat glands
  • epithelial lining of oral cavity
  • part of intraoral glands
  • tooth enamel
33
Q

What do endodermal cells give rise to?

A

Epithelial lining of resp and gastro tract/organs

34
Q

What do mesodermal cells give rise to?

A

Muscles and CT

35
Q

What 3 key events happen at the end of week 3?

A

1- differentiation of the nervous system
2- formation/migration of neural crest
3- embryo folding

36
Q

What is the sequence of nervous system development?

A

Neuroectoderm forms and localizes to form the neural plate which then undergoes invagination to form the neural groove

37
Q

What are the three regions of mesoderm during neural plate formation?

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral plate

38
Q

What does the mesodermal paraxial region become?

A

Cartilage and segmented muscle

39
Q

What does the mesodermal intermediate region become?

A

Kidneys and gonads

40
Q

What does the mesodermal lateral plate become?

A

Heart and gut

41
Q

The neural tube expands to form what?

A

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain (hindbrain segments into hox gene expressing rhombomeres)

42
Q

Craniofacial features are results of what?

A

Neural crest cell differentiation (nearly all tooth tissues are derived from neural crest cells)

43
Q

What happens during week 4?

A

Embryonic folding

44
Q

What time frame is considered the fetal period?

A

9th week/3rd month until 9th month

45
Q

Exposure to what can cause dental anomalies and developmental complications?

A

Teratogens

46
Q

What does the trophoblast become?

A

Placenta

47
Q

What does he primary yolk sac become?

A

Amnion

48
Q

What is characteristic of the blastocyst stage?

A

Migration of cells
realignment of cells
fluid filled cavity

49
Q

What is characteristic of the Morula stage?

A

Rapid proliferation

50
Q

What is notable about the 2nd and 3rd weeks of development?

A
  • Formation of the trilaminar embryo
  • Gastrulation
  • Formation of the 3 germ layers
51
Q

Which adhesion molecules are calcium dependent?

A

Cadherin

52
Q

Which adhesion molecules are calcium independent?

A

CAM

53
Q

Which adhesion molecule does neuroectoderm express?

A

N-CAM

54
Q

Skin ectoderm expresses which cell adhesion molecule?

A

L-CAM

Oral Biology (6 decks)

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