General Diagnosis 6 Flashcards
urethritis
diagnosis is classified as gonococcal (caused by gonorrhea) or non-gonococcal (caused by chlymidia)
MC caused by ecoli in females
nitrities in urine
cystitis
noninfectious bladder inflammation that acuses burning, painful and frequent urination with incontinence
suprapubic and low back pain
nephroblastoma
AKA wilm’s tumor
maligannt tumor of kidney, less than 5 years of age, abdominal mass, hematuria
urge urinary incontinence
often called “overactive bladder”
urgent need to get to bathroom
stress urinary incontinence
increase in abdominal pressure (exercise, cough, sneeze, laugh)
due to weakened pelvic floor muscles
overflow urinary incontinence
inability to completely empty bladder when urinating
patient has constant or frequent dripple o urine (leads to UTI)
functional urinary incontinence
most common among older adults with arthritis, parkinson’s, alzheimer’s (disorders that involve moving, thinking, communicating
indirect inguinal hernia
MC type
passes down inguinal canal and exits at external inguinal ring into scrotum
most common in children and young adults
direct inguinal hernia
doesn’t pass through inguinal canal but exits directly through external inguinal ring instead
usually acquired from obesity or heavy liting
felt when patient coughs or bears down
MC over 40
femoral hernia
MC males
appears as a bulge lateral and inerior to external inguinal ring at the site of femoral pulse
endometriosis
abnormal endometrial tissue found outside its normal location (myometrium, fallopian tubes, peritoneum)
MC found in ovaries
laparscopy
s/s of endometriosis
abdominal pain back pain menorrhea painful intercourse possible infertility treat and detect with laparoscopy
uterine fibroids
benign uterine tumors of smooth muscle origin (leiomyoma)
presents with heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and painful intercourse
uterus will ahve painless nodules that are irregular and firm
pelvic inflammatory disease
infection of upper femal genital tract
most common complication of STD (usually chlamydia or gonorrhea
includes salpingitis (inflammation of fallopian tubes)
ectopic pregnency
pregnancy in which implantation occurs outside the endometrium/endometrial cavity
spotting, decreased blood pressure
decrease HCG
norml pregnancy
increase HCG
nausea
weight gain
beast tenderness
hydatitiform mole
non viable embryo which develops in placenta and presents with all the signs of pregnancy
very high HCG
choriocarcinoma
malignancy of placenta due to abnormal epithelium
fibrocystic breast disease
multiple, round, freely movable maasses can be palpated
bilateral breast tenderness that is made worse with caffeine intake, ovulation or menses
common in overweight diabetics
fibroadenoma
most common benign breast tumor, usually less than 30 yo, non tender, singular lump 75% unilateral
breast cancer
2nd MC cause of cancer death in women
MC >50 yo
MC location- upper/outer quadrant
nipple retraction, bleeding, orange peel appearance, dimpling
metastasis to axilla via lymphatic system (sentinel node)
varicocele
tortuous dilation of spermatic veins
“bag of worms” feeling upon palpation that diminishes rom standing to supine
doesn’t transilluminate
spermatocele
fluid filled mass in epididymis
painless, moveable, pea sized lump located superior and posteiror to testicle
transilluminates light beacuse it’s fluid filled
hydrocele
MC newborns
excess accumulations of water in testicle
feels swollen, painless, heavy and tight
ability to palpate above mass distinguishes it from scrotal area
transilluminates
epididymitis
usually a consequence of STD
scrotum is enlarged and tender but tenderness may be relieved somewhat by raising testicle
testicular cancer
MC form of cancer in males 20-34 painless nodule appears on or in testicle MC type is seminoma doesn't transilluminate 10% present with gynocomastia
benign prostatic hyperplasia
enlarged, non tender, firm, smooth, loss of median sulcus
prostatitis
boggy, soft, enlarged, tender
urinary problems such as increased urgency
prostatic carinoma
posterior lobe is hard, nodular, painless, enlarged
MC place to metastasize is the the lumbar spine via Batson’s plexus
artery skin temp skin color pulse numbness swelling raynaud's trophic changes valve incompetence
cool pale or blue weak/absent present not usually present thin skin not applicable
vein skin temp skin color pulse numbness swelling raynaud's trophic changes valve incompetence
warm normal or discolored not applicable absent present absent stasis dermatitis present
claudication
muscle pain classically in calf muscle, which occurs during exercise
neurogenic claudication
pattern
relief
common cause
not predictable
position related (seated with flexion)
DJD, spinal canal stenosis)
vascular claudication
pattern
relief
common cause
predictably reproducable
always with rest
arteriosclerosis, buerger’s
claudication time
patient walks at rate of 120 steps /min for 1 minute
+pain in calves
bicycle test
patient pedals fast until painrul, rest until painless, repeat
+ pain in calves
stoop test
walking causes pain, stoop in flexion relieves it
+pain in legs
+neurogenic
buerger’s AKA thromboangitis obliterans
seen in 20-40 yo males and is associated with excess tobacco smoking
presents with intermittent vascular claudication, non-healing ulcers and gangrene
need to stop smoking and amputate what needs amputated
raynaud’s
seen in patients >15 yo
associated with buerger’s
collagen disease
scleroderma
what is raynaud’s caused by?
cold
stress
emotion
brought on by arterial spasms, triphasic color changes (white-blue-red), finger tip ulcers, gangrene, cold sensitivity
test for raynaud’s
allen’s
tests for thromboangitis obliterans
claudication time
buerger’s test
varicose veins
seen in patients >20 yo pregnant women, or overweight adults
presents with incompetent valves, dilated tortuous changes
test for varicose veins
+perthes
deep vein thrombosis
presents with tenderness, edema, pain and redness
test for deep vein thrombosis
homan’s
D dimer test
CBC
how to help with deep vein thrombosis
compressive stocking
pulmonary embolism
blockage of an artery in the lung by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream
usually due to thrombus from deep veins in legs
symptoms of pulmonary embolism
difficulty breathing
chest pain on inspiration
palpitations
risk of pulmonary embolism
increased in flying and prolonged bedrest
relfex sympathetic dystrophy
chronic pain condition
key symptoms continuous, intense pain out of proportion to severity of injury, which gets worse rather than better over time
typical features of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
dramatic chagnes in color and temperature of skin over affected limb or body part
intense burning pain, skin sensitivity, sweating, swelling, muscle weakness
telangiectasia
small superficial dilated blood vessels
they can develop anywhere on body but are commonly seen on face around nose, cheeks and chin
petechia
pinpoint hemorrhage
