General Concepts Flashcards
Why do we need to study cells
It’s Fundamental to all fields of biology medicine
Homeostasis
Self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
Cellular compartmentalization
Functional separation within the cell
Components of Biological membranes
Lipids (Phospholipids, glycolipids)
Proteins ( Integral, peripheral)
Carbohydrates
Divalent cations
Cholesterol ( generally not present in most prokaryotes)
Cell nucleus
Genetic information, transcription, nuclear receptors
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis of proteins, lipids, Ca++ stores, post-translational modifications ( After translation protein gets more specific)
Golgi apparatus
Protein processing, post-translational modifications, polysaccharide synthesis, phosphorylation, packaging of proteins for transport.
Mitochondria
Oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids
Lysosomes
Digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisomes
Oxidation of organic molecules, catalase
Why do cells constantly use energy?
To maintain their structures, grow, divide, transport substances and change their shape
What happens when energy metabolism is blocked?
Cells die instantly
What does energy metabolism describe?
The transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems.
Key cellular metabolism players
Glycolysis
The citric acid cycle (TCA)/Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain
What does ATP mean?
Adenosine TriPhosphate
What is ATP composed of?
Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (sugar)
Three phosphate radicals
What happens when an ATP releases its energy?
A phosphoric acid radical is split away and ADP is left.
What is released energy used for?
Many purposes in the cell like, transport, enzyme activity and muscle contraction.
Which metabolic intermediates play a role in ATP production?
NADH and FADH2
What are some energy sources in living organisms?
Glucose
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Ketone bodies
Volatile Fatty Acids
