General Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need to study cells

A

It’s Fundamental to all fields of biology medicine

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

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3
Q

Cellular compartmentalization

A

Functional separation within the cell

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4
Q

Components of Biological membranes

A

Lipids (Phospholipids, glycolipids)
Proteins ( Integral, peripheral)
Carbohydrates
Divalent cations
Cholesterol ( generally not present in most prokaryotes)

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5
Q

Cell nucleus

A

Genetic information, transcription, nuclear receptors

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesis of proteins, lipids, Ca++ stores, post-translational modifications ( After translation protein gets more specific)

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Protein processing, post-translational modifications, polysaccharide synthesis, phosphorylation, packaging of proteins for transport.

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestion of macromolecules

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10
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidation of organic molecules, catalase

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11
Q

Why do cells constantly use energy?

A

To maintain their structures, grow, divide, transport substances and change their shape

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12
Q

What happens when energy metabolism is blocked?

A

Cells die instantly

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13
Q

What does energy metabolism describe?

A

The transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems.

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14
Q

Key cellular metabolism players

A

Glycolysis
The citric acid cycle (TCA)/Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain

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15
Q

What does ATP mean?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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16
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Ribose (sugar)
Three phosphate radicals

17
Q

What happens when an ATP releases its energy?

A

A phosphoric acid radical is split away and ADP is left.

18
Q

What is released energy used for?

A

Many purposes in the cell like, transport, enzyme activity and muscle contraction.

19
Q

Which metabolic intermediates play a role in ATP production?

A

NADH and FADH2

20
Q

What are some energy sources in living organisms?

A

Glucose
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Ketone bodies
Volatile Fatty Acids