Carbohydrates II Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Central ATP-producing pathway

Oxydation of glucose and subsequently converted into two pyruvate molecules.

Produces energy without oxygen

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2
Q

Glycolysis occurs in what type of cells and what does it generate?

A

Takes places in the cell cytosol of all tissues and it can generate ATP

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3
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis and what happens to it?

A

2 Pyruvate

and it is fermented to lactate or transformed to Acetil-CoA

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4
Q

GI tract microbes in animals such as the cow and horse can ferment pyruvate into what?

A

into small chain fatty acids called Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA): acetate, propionate, and butyrate

this fermentation also generates additional ATP in the microbes

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5
Q

Phophofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes what?

A

catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis

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6
Q

In all cells, PFK activity is inhibited by what?

A

inhibited by increases cytoplasmic [ATP]

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7
Q

In the liver, PFK activity is potently stimulated by what and potently inhibited by what?

A

by insulin and potently inhibited by glucagon.

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8
Q

What is oxidation?

A

taking away a H molecule

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9
Q

What is reduction?

A

picking up a H+ molecule

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10
Q

Do reduction and oxidation happen at the same time?

A

yes

whenever you have a reduction there also always an oxidation and vis versa.

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11
Q

In glycolysis you have a net gain of how many ATP?

A

2

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12
Q

Glycolysis is the only cycle you can get energy without the use of what?

A

oxygen

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13
Q

What type of cells only do glycolysis and why?

A

red blood cells
they need glucose all the time
have no mitochondria
and do not need high amounts of energy

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14
Q

What happens to pyruvate in an anaerobic cell?

A

pyruvate can not be oxidized and cant be used so it is fermented into lactate as a waste product and it is sent to the bloodstream

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15
Q

In an aerobic cell, NAD+ will not run out. Why is this?

A

NADH will get oxidized in the mitochondria to get more ATP, this is known as electron transport
will also get NAD+ when NADH is oxidized in an aerobic cell

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16
Q

NAD+ will eventually run in an anaerobic cell so what will happen?

A

NADH will lose its electrons to pyruvate to get more NAD+ so that glycolysis can keep going to get more energy.
this will turn pyruvate into lactate as a waste product and it is sent into the bloodstream.

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17
Q

If there is too much lactate in the bloodstream, it indicates what?

A

too much anaerobic metabolism than normal.

18
Q

What can lactate levels in the bloodstream be used for?

A

can be used diagnostically and prognostically.

also can use before a surgery to help show the surgical outcome.

19
Q

Glycolysis occurs in which type of cells?

A

occurs in all cells and all the time. (every cell in the planet)

20
Q

Which cells take advantage of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Erythrocytes and Miocytes

21
Q

What is the net gain in Glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

22
Q

What are the 2 stages of Glucose to Pyruvate conversion?

A
  1. Energy-investment phase
  2. Energy-generation phase
23
Q

Energy-investment phase

A

First 5 reactions where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates.

24
Q

Energy-generation phase

A

Second phase of glucolysis which ends with a net gain of 2 ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate

25
Q

In an aerobic process what happens to pyruvate?

A

It will transform into Acetil-CoA and it will enter the Citric Acid Cycle (TCA)

26
Q

In an anaerobic process what happens to pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to Lactate through fermentation

27
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Extraction of energy in abscence of oxygen in poorly vaculirez tissues

ex. Kidney medulla
Cornea/lens
RBC that lack mitochondria
Exercising skeletal Muscle

28
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

2 ATP are generated for each molecule of glucose converted to 2 molecules of Lactate

29
Q

Who can oxidize lactate from the blood to pyruvate?

A

The liver and the heart

30
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the liver?

A

It can be converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis or to Acetil-CoA which will be oxidized in TCA cycle

31
Q

Aerobic glycolysis

A

2 ATP are generated per molecule of glucose + 2NADH

32
Q

How much ATP is produced by 1 NADH in the electron trasnport chain?

A

3 ATP (for each NADH)

33
Q

What process changes pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

By pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC-enzyme)

34
Q

What is Acetyl-CoA?

A

Co-enzyme, substrate for TCA cycle and carbon source for fatty acid synthesis.

35
Q

What is the product after carboxylation of pyruvate?

A

Oxaloacetate (OOA)

Replenishes important intermediate in TCA cycle and provides substrate for gluconeogenesis

36
Q

TCA cycle

A

TriCarboxilic-Acid Cycle

Krebs Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle

37
Q

What is the Tricarboxylic acid-cycle?

A

Final pathway where CHOs, AA and Fatty acids converge

38
Q

Where does the TCA cycle occurr?

A

In the mytochondria close to the electron transport chain (here Co-enzymes will be oxidized)

39
Q

Is the TCA cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic because oxygen is used as an electron acceptor

40
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Biochemical energy reactors of the cell where most of ATP is produced

41
Q

What are some important Biochemical events that occurr in the Mitochondria?

A

Oxydative decarboxylation
TCA cycle
Electron Transport Chain (Respiratory chain)
Oxydative Phosphorylation
B-oxidation