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HUBS 191 > General Cards Lectures 1-15 > Flashcards

General Cards Lectures 1-15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is E-C coupling?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling is the signalling event which causes muscle contraction

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?

A

Force
Movement
Support
Energy to heat

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3
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

Hollow Organs

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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5
Q

What charge does the intracellular space have at rest?

A

Negative which generates an electrical gradient

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6
Q

At resting membrane potential, what are the concentrations of Na and K?

A

Inside:
High K
Low Na

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7
Q

How are sodium and potassium gradients maintained?

A

Active Pumps

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8
Q

What combination of mobility and stability do synovial joints have?

A

High mobility
Low stability

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9
Q

Describe the PCL

A

Posterior to the tibia to the anterior of the femur
Restricts anterior displacement of the femur

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10
Q

Describe the ACL

A

Anterior to the tibia to posterior of the femur
Restricts posterior displacement of the femur

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11
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments of the knee?

A

ACL
PCL

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12
Q

Muscles of the hamstring?

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendonosis

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13
Q

What happens when force plateaus?

A

Not enough calcium is moved out of the system causing tetanus

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14
Q

What is an agonist vs an antagonist?

A

Agonist acts concentrically and antagonist acts eccentrically.

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15
Q

Isometric?

A

Tension does not outweigh load and there is no change in the muscle, it is stationary

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16
Q

Eccentric?

A

Tension lesser than the load, muscle elongates

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17
Q

Concentric?

A

Tension is greater than the load, so it will shorten and lift (normal movement)

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18
Q

What is the myofilament composed of?

A

Actin
Myosin

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19
Q

What are the key soft tissues for bone?

A

Cartilage
DFCT

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20
Q

What does cartilage make up?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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21
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissue in muscles?

A

Lubricant
Collects at ends to form tendons

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22
Q

What does the epithelial tissue contain?

A

Epithelia (layers)
- Apical
- Basolateral
Glands

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23
Q

What are the types of rotation?

A

Lateral
Medial
Around the long axis of a joint

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24
Q

What does osmosis balance?

A

Tonicity in inter-extra-cellular spaces

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25
Q

What is the function of DFCT

A

Resist tension

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26
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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27
Q

What are the three classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissues?

A

Compact
Cancellous

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29
Q

Describe compact bone?

A

Strong, transmits force in one direction

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30
Q

What are the 2 girdles?

A

Pelvic
Pectoral

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31
Q

Describe flat bones?

A

Thin plates of compact bone
Muscle attachment (scapula)

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32
Q

What are the three types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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33
Q

What is the SR?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
Stores calcium

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34
Q

What is actin?

A

A structural element that allows pulling - like a rope

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35
Q

Describe the function of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic are stem cells which make osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are the makers
Osteoclasts are the breakers
Osteocytes maintain protein and minerals.

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36
Q

Describe the process of E-C Coupling?

A

Signal transmitted down T-tubules triggering a release of Ca stores, triggering a contraction.
Once it is over, the Ca is pumped against the concentration gradient back into the SR.

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37
Q

What is myosin?

A

Thick filament which acts as a motor module, generating force to pull.

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38
Q

Describe cross-bridge cycling?

A

Myofilament finishes power-stroke and actin is still attached to the myosin.
Binding of ATP causes the myosin to release.
This causes it to burn energy and get ready to pull on the actin again.
If calcium is still present, a cross-bridge will form, the myosin will pull, shortening the sarcomere and creating a contraction.

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle action?

A

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

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40
Q

What is the role of a stabiliser?

A

Hold a joint still/ prevent movement of a joint.

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41
Q

What is the anterior concentric action?

A

Flexion

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42
Q

Neutralisers?

A

Eliminates unwanted movement caused by another muscle

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43
Q

What is the lateral concentric action?

A

Abduction

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44
Q

What is the posterior concentric movement

A

Extension

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45
Q

What is the medial concentric movement?

A

Adduction

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46
Q

What is the triceps brachii movement?

A

Extension in shoulder and elbow

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47
Q

What are the quad muscles?

A

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medius
Intermedius
Lateralis

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48
Q

Movement of hamstrings?

A

Extension at the hip
Flexion and rotation at the knee

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49
Q

Tibialis Anterior Movement?

A

Dorsiflexion

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50
Q

What is recruitment?

A

The process of activating more fibres for more force

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51
Q

what fibre type (fast or slow) has lots of blood vessels?

A

Slow so that they are infatigugable

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52
Q

How far can a fibre shorten?

A

Up to 50%

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53
Q

What % of tissue does muscle make up?

A

50%

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54
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Many tissues
Lots of movement

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55
Q

Distal?

A

Down limb

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56
Q

Anterior?

A

Front

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57
Q

Posterior?

A

Back

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58
Q

Superior?

A

Up

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59
Q

Lateral?

A

Side

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60
Q

Medial?

A

Middle

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61
Q

Inferior?

62
Q

Proximal?

63
Q

Coronal plane?

A

(front and back sections)
Vertically front and back

64
Q

Sagittal Plane?

A

Vertical side to side

65
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Total of 24

66
Q

Transverse Plane?

A

Horizontal by hips

67
Q

Saggital Plane Movement?

A

Back and forwards
Flexion and Extension
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

68
Q

Does flexion or extension increase angle?

69
Q

Which sagittal movement moves feet towards the face?

A

Dorsiflexion

70
Q

What are the types of coronal movement?

A

Abduction and Adduction
Inversion and Eversion

71
Q

Which coronal movement causes the sole of the foot to turn towards the mid-line?

72
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Combination of all 4 movements

73
Q

What do our bones protect?

A

Major organs

74
Q

Describe short bones?

A

Equal in width and length
Mostly cancellous
Weight bearing

75
Q

Describe long bones?

A

Long
Have epiphysis and diaphysis
Act as levers

76
Q

Irregular bones?

A

Any bone that does not fit into any other category

77
Q

Describe cancellous bone?

A

Light and spongy
Shock absorbing in all directions

78
Q

What is an axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the core (mostly flat)

79
Q

What is an appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs (long bones)

80
Q

What vertebrae are the ribs attached to?

81
Q

Hand structure?

A

8 Carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges (2 in thumb)

82
Q

Foot structure

A

7 tarsals
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges

83
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle
Scapula

84
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The structure of an organ system and the relationship of its parts

85
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

Hip bones
- Coccyx
- Pubis
- Ilium
- Ischium
Sacrum

86
Q

Pivot?

A

Uniaxial
Rotation
e.g. Radio Ulnar

87
Q

Condylar Joint?

A

Biaxial
Flexion (rotation when flexed)
e.g. Knee

88
Q

Ball and Socket

A

Multiaxial

89
Q

Ellipsoid?

A

Biaxial
Flexion
Abduction
e.g. wrist

90
Q

Saddle

A

Biaxial
Abduction
Flexion

91
Q

Describe a plane joint?

A

Multiaxial
Flat
e.g. intercarpal joints

92
Q

Hinge joint

A

Uniaxial
Flexion and extension
e.g. ankle

93
Q

What are the 7 types of synovial joint?

A

Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and Socket

94
Q

Describe the structure of bones

A

Osteons
- Pathways
Canaliculi
- Channels for osteocytes
Central canal
- For blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae
- Resist forces
Lacunae
- Lakes for osteocytes

95
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

Resist compression
High water content
Create smooth/frictionless surface

96
Q

What is muscle tension dependent on?

A

Number of muscle fibres
Rate of which it is stimulated

97
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue?

A

Blood
Lymph

98
Q

What is physiology?

A

Function of an organ

99
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose
- Areolar
- Adipose
- Reticular
Dense
- Regular
- Irrengular
- Elastic

100
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Red blood cell production

101
Q

What mineralised ions can bones store?

A

Calcium
Phosphate

102
Q

What is the function of the epithelial tissue?

A

Provide protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Provide secreations

103
Q

What are the fibrocartilaginous pads? (menisci)

A

Small structures made of fibrocartilage to: fill in space
deepen articulation
shock support

104
Q

Describe the function of a joint capsule

A

secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
Loose for movement
Tight and thick for support when required.

105
Q

Describe bone remodelling

A

Osteoblasts add more bone matrix in lamellae
Osteoclasts remove bone from medullary cavity

106
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

107
Q

What are the types of muscle roles?

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Stabiliser
Neutraliser

108
Q

Movement of the triceps surae?

A

Knee flexion
Ankle - plantarflexion

109
Q

Describe the function of fibrocartilage

A

Resist tension and compression
Acts as a shock absorber

110
Q

What is in DFCT?

A

Fibroblasts
Collagen fibres
(some) elastin

111
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

Chemical stimulus opening sodium ion channels once stimulus is removed, so the negative the Na and the cell is repolarised to resting potential.

112
Q

What is a sacromere?

A

Contractive unit inside muscle

113
Q

What is the cell membrane that lines muscle fibres?

A

Sarcolemma

114
Q

Describe pennate vs. parallel

A

Parallel vertically arranged so less CSA and more shortening.
Pennate arranged obliquely so greater CSA and loss shortening

115
Q

What does a greater number of fibre mean?

A

Greater cross-sectional area greater tension

116
Q

What is the length-tension relationship?

A

Slack muscle means there is no room for actin to go.
Stretched muscle will cause a weak contraction.

117
Q

Quad movement

A

Rectus femoris - hip flexion
Knee - extension

118
Q

Gluteus maximus movement?

A

Extension at the hip

119
Q

Iliopsoas Movement

A

Flexion at the hip

120
Q

Deltoid Movement

A

Shoulder
- Flexion
- Abduction
- Extension

121
Q

What are the function of connective tissue

A

Framework
Transport (fluid/ dissolved)
Protection
Store energy (triglyceride)
Defend body

122
Q

What does DFCT make up?

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Joint capsules

123
Q

Describe the make up of cartilage

A

Chondrocytes
Avascular
Collagen Fibres

124
Q

How is rapid signalling enabled

A

Through chemical and electrical gradients?

125
Q

What is the structure of a muscle

A

Fibres - to - fisicles - to muscles they have blood vessels

126
Q

What is the cellular structure of a muscles

A

Myofibrils made of sarcomeres made of myofilaments

127
Q

What are the 3 key proteins in EC-coupling

A

DHPR (recieves signal)
RvR (allows Ca into cell)
SERCA (moves Ca out)

128
Q

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibro
Bone

129
Q

Location of hamstrings

A

Ischium (femur for biceps)
Tibia (and fibula for biceps)

130
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachii?

A

Scapula and humerus
Ulna

131
Q

Deltoid attachment?

A

Scapula and clavicle
Deltoid tuberosity

132
Q

Iliacus and Psoas major location

A

Iliac fossa and lumbar vertebrae
Femur

133
Q

Gluteus maximus location

A

Ilium and sacrum
Femur

134
Q

Tibialis Anterior location

A

Tibia
Tarsals

135
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the bicepts brachii

A

Scapula
Radial tuberosity

136
Q

Location of the triceps surae?

A

Femur (gastrocnemius)
Tibia and fibula (soleus)
Calcaneus

137
Q

Location of the quads

A

Femur, except rectus femoris which attaches at the ilium
Tibia tuberosity

138
Q

What is the concentric movement of the biceps brachii

A

Should - flexion
Elbow - flexion
Radioulnar - supination

139
Q

What is the role of the t-tubules

A

Network extensions from the sarcolemma to the SR to conduct electrical signals

140
Q

What is the most common tissue type?

A

Connective

141
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

Proper
Fluid
Supporting

142
Q

What is bony congruence

A

How well bones fit together
If low bony congruence, more soft tissue is needed

143
Q

Describe bone growth (length)

A

Enabled by growth plates which allow bone to be added above and below

143
Q

Where is the primary and secondary ossification centres?

A

Primary
Diaphysis
Secondary
Epiphysis

143
Q

What is ossification

A

Process of turning cartilage in bone (endochondral inside bone)

144
Q

What is feedback

A

Attempt to restore variable to normal

145
Q

What are the extracellular components of bone

A

33% organic
- collagen (for tension)
67% inorganic
- calcium

146
Q

What is the interaction between myosin and actin called

A

Crossbridging

147
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint

A

Fibrocartilage
Some movement

148
Q

What is a fibrous joint

A

DFCT
Limit movement (ligaments)

149
Q

What are the parts of a joint?

A

Bone ends
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Synovial membrane
Ligaments

HUBS 191 (7 decks)

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