General Biology Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
It is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another
A
Chemical Reaction
2
Q
The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time
A
Metabolism
3
Q
The energy of state or position
A
Potential Energy
4
Q
Energy in motion
A
Kinetic Energy
5
Q
Simple molecules to complex molecules, Endergonic (requires Energy)
A
Anabolic Reaction
6
Q
Complex molecules to simple molecules, Exergonic (Releases energy)
A
Catabolic Reaction
7
Q
Energy Currency and Capture and transfer of the energy
A
Adenosine Triphosphate/ATP
8
Q
Releases large amount of energy when hydrolyzed to ADP and PI
A
Adenosine Triphosphate/ATP
9
Q
Can phosphorylate to many different molecules
A
Adenosine Triphosphate/ATP
10
Q
Structure of ATP
A
Nitrogenous Base adenine bonded to ribose attached to three phosphate group
11
Q
Donate to a phosphate group
A
Phosphorylate
12
Q
An Active Cell Requires the production of how many molecules of ATP to drive Biochemical machinery
A
Millions of molecules of ATP per second
13
Q
These are protein catalysts that affect the rates of biological reactions
A
Enzymes
14
Q
Lowers the energy barrier, supplying the activation energy needed
A
Enzymes
15
Q
Enzymes are sensitive their environment. Both pH and Temperature affect enzyme activity.
A
True
16
Q
Bind to the enzyme’s active site forming an enzyme-substrate complex
A
Substrate
17
Q
Binds to a site other than the active site and stabilizes the active or inactive form of an enzyme
A
Allosteric Effector
18
Q
The mechanism for regulating enzyme activity
A
Reversible Phosphorylation
19
Q
The anabolic process by which the energy of sunlight is captured and used to convert CO2 into complex carbon-containing compounds.
A
Photosynthesis
20
Q
These live in aerobic environments and carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
A
Plants, Algae, and Cyanobacteria
21
Q
Live in an anaerobic environment and carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis
A
Some bacteria/Bacteria
22
Q
Energy from the sun is used to convert CO2 to more complex molecules without CO2
A
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
23
Q
Convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and the reduced electron NADPH
A
Light Reaction
24
Q
Do not use light directly
Uses ATP, NADPH and CO2 to produce Carbohydrate
A
Light Independent Reaction/Carbon Fixation Reaction
25
It is a form of energy and can be connected to heat or chemical energy.
Light
26
It is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments
Light
27
It is a form of electromagnetic radiation
Light
28
Light is emitted in particle-like packets called
Photons
29
Stimulates enzymes in the Calvin Cycle, further integrating the light-dependent and light-independent pathways.
Light
30
It is a particle-like packets and has wavelike properties
Photons
31
Molecules that absorb light in the visible spectrum
Pigment
32
Green pigments and can act as a reducing agent, transferring an excited electrons to other molecules
Chlorophyll
33
Puts an electron of a pigment molecule in an excited state that has more energy than its ground state.
Absorption of Photon
34
Reflect the state of photosynthesis carried out by photosynthetic organisms at a given wavelength of light.
Action Spectrum
35
Absorb energy from light and funnel energy to chlorophyll
Light-Harvesting Complexes
36
"Reaction Center” where chlorophyll can also be found or located
Photosystem
37
The mechanism of ATP production in Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
38
The biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.
Phosphorylation
39
Makes carbohydrate from CO2
Calvin Cycle
40
Processes involved in Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation, Reduction Phase, Carbohydrate Formation, and Regeneration Phase
41
Initial CO2 acceptor
RuBP
42
The first stable product of CO2 Fixation
3GP
43
Can catalyze a reaction between o2 and RuBP in addition to the reaction between CO2 and RuBP.
Rubisco
44
Recover some of the fixed carbon
Photorespiration
45
Takes place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
Photorespiration
46
Consumes O2 and release CO2
Photorespiration
47
Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are linked through what
Calvin Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle and Glycolysis
48
Plants must photosynthesize more than it respires
True
49
Byproduct of Photosynthesis
glucose (sugar), oxygen and water
50
A byproduct of Calvin Cycle
Glucose
51
Byproduct of Citric Acid Cycle
2 CO2
1 GTP/ATP
Reduced forms of NADPH and FADH2
52
Byproduct of Glycolysis
Lactate – Anaerobic conditions
| Pyruvate – Aerobic conditions
53
Energy Loss in Photosynthesis
50% - Sunlight
30% - Wavelengths of light that can be absorbed
10% - Chemical Energy available for CO2 Fixation
5% - Chemical Energy in Carbohydrates
54
Preserve at most how many percent of the Sun’s Energy
5%
55
It is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication
Cell Life Cycle
56
Important to growth and repair of tissues and reproduction
Cell Division
57
Four Events That Must Occur for Cell Division to Take Place
Reproductive Signal, Replication, Segregation and Cytokinesis
58
Initiates Cell Division and may originate from either inside or outside the cell
Reproductive Signal
59
Examples of reproductive signal
Environmental conditions and Nutrients concentrations
60
Distribution of replicated DNA to each new cell
Segregation
61
The physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
62
Prokaryotes perform in what
Binary Fission
63
It is the method by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the
Binary Fission
64
Prokaryotic Cell’s DNA has what shape of chromosome
Circular Chromosome
65
“Cell Division Machine” and it can divide as often as 20 minutes.
Escherichia Coli or E.coli
66
How many times larger is the DNA than the cell
200 times
67
How does the DNA fold
DNA folds, + charged (basic) proteins to – charged (acidic) DNA
68
The site of origin or the site where replication of the circular chromosomes starts
Ori
69
The site where replication ends and or site of or for termination
Ter
70
Takes place as the DNA is threaded through the “replication complex” of the proteins near the center of the cell.
Chromosome replication
71
Begins near the center of the cell
Segregation of DNA Molecules
72
The ori regions move toward the opposite ends of the cell
True
73
Plasma membrane pinches in to from a ring of fibers
Cytokinesis
74
As the membrane pinches in, the new cell wall materials are deposited which finally separate the two cells
Cytokinesis
75
It is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. In here, it is the 'daily living' or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis, and conducts other "normal" cell functions.
Interphase
76
Stages of Eukaryotic Cell Division
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cytokinesis
77
Do not depend on Environmental Stimuli
Reproductive Signal (In Eukaryotic Cell Division)
78
Do not have only single chromosome but instead many chromosomes
Replication
79
Sexual Reproduction and Shuffled Genetic Material
Meiosis
80
The cell’s life cycle: Growth, replication and reproduction
Cell Cycle
81
What are the Interphase processes
o G1 (Gap 1) – 11 Hours
Cells grow bigger, larger
o S (Synthesis) – 8 hours
Replicates DNA
o G3 (Gap 2) – 4 Hours
Cells grow more in preparation for mitosis
*G0 – Cells that do not want to undergo cell division such as the nerve cells/ neurons stay here
82
Stages of Mitosis
Mitosis
o Stages of Mitosis
- P (Prophase) *KEYWORD PRO = BEGINNING
o Chromosomes condenses
- M (Metaphase) *KEYWORD M FOR “MIDDLE”
o Chromosomes moves towards at the middle of the cell and forms a single file line
- A (Anaphase) *KEYWORD A FOR “AWAY”
o Chromatids are pulled away from the center of the cell, and towards the opposite sides/poles of the cell
- T(Telophase)
o Chromosomes are not at the opposite sides or poles
o New nuclei starts to develop and envelopes the chromosomes
- Cytokinesis
o Cytoplasm will be split into two, forming two new, identical diploid cells.
83
Composed of microfilaments of actin and myosin
Contractile Ring
84
Called the mitotic spindle or spindle and it is a dynamic structure that moves sister chromatids apart during mitosis and made up of microtubules
Spindle Apparatus
85
Central body
An organelle in the cytoplasm near the nucleus
Consist of a pair of centrioles
Two tubes are at right angles
Centrosome
86
Repeats itself
| Single cell give rise to many cells
Mitotic Cell
87
Produces 4 daughter cells
Nonidentical, Haploid Cells
Gametes
Sexual reproduction
Meiosis
88
Produces 2 daughter cells
Identical, Diploid
Body cells, cell repairs, growth
Asexual reproduction
Mitosis
89
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Vegetative Reproduction
Based on mitotic division of nucleus
Identical to parents’ cells
Produces clones
New organisms are genetically identical
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Asexual Reproduction
90
- Results in organisms that are not identical to its parents
Requires gametes produces by meiosis
Two parents contribute one gamete to each of the offspring
Sexual reproduction
91
Stages in Meiosis
- P1 (Prophase 1)
o Chromosomes match with their homologous pairs (Cross-Overing)
o Exchange of genetic patterns, materials
- M1 (Metaphase 1)
o Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell together with their homologous pairs
- A1 (Anaphase 1)
o Chromosomes are pulled away from the center and towards the opposite sides or poles of the cell
- T1 (Telophase 1)
o New nuclei starts to develop and envelopes the chromosomes that are on the opposite side
- Cytokinesis
o Cytoplasm divides and forms new cells
- P2 (Prophase 2)
o Chromosomes condense
- M2 (Metaphase 2)
o Chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell, this time as in single file line
- A2 (Anaphase 2)
o Chromatids are pulled away from the center and towards the opposite side or pole of the cell
- T2 (Telophase 2)
o Chromosomes are now at the opposite of the cell
o New nuclei starts to develop and envelopes the chromosomes
- Cytokinesis
o Cytoplasm splits, forming 4 non identical, haploid cells
92
Body cells that are not specialized for reproduction
Somatic Cells
93
Each contain two sets of chromosomes, which are found in pairs
Somatic Cells
94
Similar in size and appearance
Homologous Pairs
95
Contain only a single cell set of chromosomes
| An organism's reproductive cells.
Gametes
96
Haploid gametes fuse to form a zygote
| The union of two haploid gametes
Fertilization
97
Fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete
Diploid
Zygote
98
All sexual life cycle involve meiosis to produce haploid cells
True
99
It is one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome
Chromatids
100
Can form junctions called what
chiasmata
101
Exchange and sharing of genetic material
Crossing over
102
The swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germline
Crossing over
103
The union between a gamete with an abnormal chromosome number
Aneuploidy
104
The numbers, shapes and sizes of the metaphase chromosomes
karyotype
105
Have two sets of haploid chromosomes
Polyploid/Polyploidy
106
It is the mechanism involved in the cell death
Necrosis
107
The pathological process caused by external agents like toxins, trauma, infections
Necrosis
108
It is a natural physiological process
| Regulated by external and internal signals
Apoptosis
109
- Divide more rapidly
- Can spread to distant organs
- Can result from changes in either of two types of proteins
Cancer Cells
110
Stimulate cell division and are activated in cancer
Oncogene Protein
111
- Inhibit the cell cycle but in cancer they are inactive
Tumor Suppressing Protein
112
Often targets the cell cycle in tumor cells.
Cancer Treatment
113
The period from one cell division to the next, it can be divided into mitosis/cytokinesis and interphase.
Cell Cycle
114
Cells that contain only one single set of chromosomes – that is one homolog from each pair.
Gametes
115
The cell grows in size, replicates its DNA, and then separates the cytoplasm and DNA into two new cells by a process called
Mitosis
116
In prokaryotic division, immediately after the chromosome replication is finished what process follows next/begins
Cytokinesis
