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BSN 1 S.Y 2020-2021 > General Biology Midterm > Flashcards

General Biology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

It is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another

A

Chemical Reaction

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2
Q

The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

The energy of state or position

A

Potential Energy

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4
Q

Energy in motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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5
Q

Simple molecules to complex molecules, Endergonic (requires Energy)

A

Anabolic Reaction

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6
Q

Complex molecules to simple molecules, Exergonic (Releases energy)

A

Catabolic Reaction

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7
Q

Energy Currency and Capture and transfer of the energy

A

Adenosine Triphosphate/ATP

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8
Q

Releases large amount of energy when hydrolyzed to ADP and PI

A

Adenosine Triphosphate/ATP

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9
Q

Can phosphorylate to many different molecules

A

Adenosine Triphosphate/ATP

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10
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Nitrogenous Base adenine bonded to ribose attached to three phosphate group

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11
Q

Donate to a phosphate group

A

Phosphorylate

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12
Q

An Active Cell Requires the production of how many molecules of ATP to drive Biochemical machinery

A

Millions of molecules of ATP per second

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13
Q

These are protein catalysts that affect the rates of biological reactions

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

Lowers the energy barrier, supplying the activation energy needed

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

Enzymes are sensitive their environment. Both pH and Temperature affect enzyme activity.

A

True

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16
Q

Bind to the enzyme’s active site forming an enzyme-substrate complex

A

Substrate

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17
Q

Binds to a site other than the active site and stabilizes the active or inactive form of an enzyme

A

Allosteric Effector

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18
Q

The mechanism for regulating enzyme activity

A

Reversible Phosphorylation

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19
Q

The anabolic process by which the energy of sunlight is captured and used to convert CO2 into complex carbon-containing compounds.

A

Photosynthesis

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20
Q

These live in aerobic environments and carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Plants, Algae, and Cyanobacteria

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21
Q

Live in an anaerobic environment and carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Some bacteria/Bacteria

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22
Q

Energy from the sun is used to convert CO2 to more complex molecules without CO2

A

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

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23
Q

Convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and the reduced electron NADPH

A

Light Reaction

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24
Q

Do not use light directly

Uses ATP, NADPH and CO2 to produce Carbohydrate

A

Light Independent Reaction/Carbon Fixation Reaction

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25
Q

It is a form of energy and can be connected to heat or chemical energy.

A

Light

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26
Q

It is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments

A

Light

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27
Q

It is a form of electromagnetic radiation

A

Light

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28
Q

Light is emitted in particle-like packets called

A

Photons

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29
Q

Stimulates enzymes in the Calvin Cycle, further integrating the light-dependent and light-independent pathways.

A

Light

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30
Q

It is a particle-like packets and has wavelike properties

A

Photons

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31
Q

Molecules that absorb light in the visible spectrum

A

Pigment

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32
Q

Green pigments and can act as a reducing agent, transferring an excited electrons to other molecules

A

Chlorophyll

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33
Q

Puts an electron of a pigment molecule in an excited state that has more energy than its ground state.

A

Absorption of Photon

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34
Q

Reflect the state of photosynthesis carried out by photosynthetic organisms at a given wavelength of light.

A

Action Spectrum

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35
Q

Absorb energy from light and funnel energy to chlorophyll

A

Light-Harvesting Complexes

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36
Q

“Reaction Center” where chlorophyll can also be found or located

A

Photosystem

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37
Q

The mechanism of ATP production in Phosphorylation

A

Chemiosmosis

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38
Q

The biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.

A

Phosphorylation

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39
Q

Makes carbohydrate from CO2

A

Calvin Cycle

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40
Q

Processes involved in Calvin Cycle

A

Carbon Fixation, Reduction Phase, Carbohydrate Formation, and Regeneration Phase

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41
Q

Initial CO2 acceptor

A

RuBP

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42
Q

The first stable product of CO2 Fixation

A

3GP

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43
Q

Can catalyze a reaction between o2 and RuBP in addition to the reaction between CO2 and RuBP.

A

Rubisco

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44
Q

Recover some of the fixed carbon

A

Photorespiration

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45
Q

Takes place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

A

Photorespiration

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46
Q

Consumes O2 and release CO2

A

Photorespiration

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47
Q

Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are linked through what

A

Calvin Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle and Glycolysis

48
Q

Plants must photosynthesize more than it respires

A

True

49
Q

Byproduct of Photosynthesis

A

glucose (sugar), oxygen and water

50
Q

A byproduct of Calvin Cycle

A

Glucose

51
Q

Byproduct of Citric Acid Cycle

A

2 CO2
1 GTP/ATP
Reduced forms of NADPH and FADH2

52
Q

Byproduct of Glycolysis

A

Lactate – Anaerobic conditions

Pyruvate – Aerobic conditions

53
Q

Energy Loss in Photosynthesis

A

50% - Sunlight
30% - Wavelengths of light that can be absorbed
10% - Chemical Energy available for CO2 Fixation
5% - Chemical Energy in Carbohydrates

54
Q

Preserve at most how many percent of the Sun’s Energy

A

5%

55
Q

It is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication

A

Cell Life Cycle

56
Q

Important to growth and repair of tissues and reproduction

A

Cell Division

57
Q

Four Events That Must Occur for Cell Division to Take Place

A

Reproductive Signal, Replication, Segregation and Cytokinesis

58
Q

Initiates Cell Division and may originate from either inside or outside the cell

A

Reproductive Signal

59
Q

Examples of reproductive signal

A

Environmental conditions and Nutrients concentrations

60
Q

Distribution of replicated DNA to each new cell

A

Segregation

61
Q

The physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

62
Q

Prokaryotes perform in what

A

Binary Fission

63
Q

It is the method by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the

A

Binary Fission

64
Q

Prokaryotic Cell’s DNA has what shape of chromosome

A

Circular Chromosome

65
Q

“Cell Division Machine” and it can divide as often as 20 minutes.

A

Escherichia Coli or E.coli

66
Q

How many times larger is the DNA than the cell

A

200 times

67
Q

How does the DNA fold

A

DNA folds, + charged (basic) proteins to – charged (acidic) DNA

68
Q

The site of origin or the site where replication of the circular chromosomes starts

A

Ori

69
Q

The site where replication ends and or site of or for termination

A

Ter

70
Q

Takes place as the DNA is threaded through the “replication complex” of the proteins near the center of the cell.

A

Chromosome replication

71
Q

Begins near the center of the cell

A

Segregation of DNA Molecules

72
Q

The ori regions move toward the opposite ends of the cell

A

True

73
Q

Plasma membrane pinches in to from a ring of fibers

A

Cytokinesis

74
Q

As the membrane pinches in, the new cell wall materials are deposited which finally separate the two cells

A

Cytokinesis

75
Q

It is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. In here, it is the ‘daily living’ or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis, and conducts other “normal” cell functions.

A

Interphase

76
Q

Stages of Eukaryotic Cell Division

A

Mitosis
Meiosis
Cytokinesis

77
Q

Do not depend on Environmental Stimuli

A

Reproductive Signal (In Eukaryotic Cell Division)

78
Q

Do not have only single chromosome but instead many chromosomes

A

Replication

79
Q

Sexual Reproduction and Shuffled Genetic Material

A

Meiosis

80
Q

The cell’s life cycle: Growth, replication and reproduction

A

Cell Cycle

81
Q

What are the Interphase processes

A

o G1 (Gap 1) – 11 Hours
 Cells grow bigger, larger
o S (Synthesis) – 8 hours
 Replicates DNA
o G3 (Gap 2) – 4 Hours
 Cells grow more in preparation for mitosis
*G0 – Cells that do not want to undergo cell division such as the nerve cells/ neurons stay here

82
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

Mitosis
o Stages of Mitosis
- P (Prophase) *KEYWORD PRO = BEGINNING
o Chromosomes condenses
- M (Metaphase) *KEYWORD M FOR “MIDDLE”
o Chromosomes moves towards at the middle of the cell and forms a single file line
- A (Anaphase) *KEYWORD A FOR “AWAY”
o Chromatids are pulled away from the center of the cell, and towards the opposite sides/poles of the cell
- T(Telophase)
o Chromosomes are not at the opposite sides or poles
o New nuclei starts to develop and envelopes the chromosomes
- Cytokinesis
o Cytoplasm will be split into two, forming two new, identical diploid cells.

83
Q

Composed of microfilaments of actin and myosin

A

Contractile Ring

84
Q

Called the mitotic spindle or spindle and it is a dynamic structure that moves sister chromatids apart during mitosis and made up of microtubules

A

Spindle Apparatus

85
Q

Central body
An organelle in the cytoplasm near the nucleus
Consist of a pair of centrioles
Two tubes are at right angles

A

Centrosome

86
Q

Repeats itself

Single cell give rise to many cells

A

Mitotic Cell

87
Q

Produces 4 daughter cells
Nonidentical, Haploid Cells
Gametes
Sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

88
Q

Produces 2 daughter cells
Identical, Diploid
Body cells, cell repairs, growth
Asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

89
Q 
Vegetative Reproduction
Based on mitotic division of nucleus
Identical to parents’ cells
Produces clones
New organisms are genetically identical
A

Asexual Reproduction

90
Q
  • Results in organisms that are not identical to its parents
    Requires gametes produces by meiosis
    Two parents contribute one gamete to each of the offspring
A

Sexual reproduction

91
Q

Stages in Meiosis

A
  • P1 (Prophase 1)
    o Chromosomes match with their homologous pairs (Cross-Overing)
    o Exchange of genetic patterns, materials
  • M1 (Metaphase 1)
    o Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell together with their homologous pairs
  • A1 (Anaphase 1)
    o Chromosomes are pulled away from the center and towards the opposite sides or poles of the cell
  • T1 (Telophase 1)
    o New nuclei starts to develop and envelopes the chromosomes that are on the opposite side
  • Cytokinesis
    o Cytoplasm divides and forms new cells
  • P2 (Prophase 2)
    o Chromosomes condense
  • M2 (Metaphase 2)
    o Chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell, this time as in single file line
  • A2 (Anaphase 2)
    o Chromatids are pulled away from the center and towards the opposite side or pole of the cell
  • T2 (Telophase 2)
    o Chromosomes are now at the opposite of the cell
    o New nuclei starts to develop and envelopes the chromosomes
  • Cytokinesis
    o Cytoplasm splits, forming 4 non identical, haploid cells
92
Q

Body cells that are not specialized for reproduction

A

Somatic Cells

93
Q

Each contain two sets of chromosomes, which are found in pairs

A

Somatic Cells

94
Q

Similar in size and appearance

A

Homologous Pairs

95
Q

Contain only a single cell set of chromosomes

An organism’s reproductive cells.

A

Gametes

96
Q

Haploid gametes fuse to form a zygote

The union of two haploid gametes

A

Fertilization

97
Q

Fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete
Diploid

A

Zygote

98
Q

All sexual life cycle involve meiosis to produce haploid cells

A

True

99
Q

It is one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

A

Chromatids

100
Q

Can form junctions called what

A

chiasmata

101
Q

Exchange and sharing of genetic material

A

Crossing over

102
Q

The swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germline

A

Crossing over

103
Q

The union between a gamete with an abnormal chromosome number

A

Aneuploidy

104
Q

The numbers, shapes and sizes of the metaphase chromosomes

A

karyotype

105
Q

Have two sets of haploid chromosomes

A

Polyploid/Polyploidy

106
Q

It is the mechanism involved in the cell death

A

Necrosis

107
Q

The pathological process caused by external agents like toxins, trauma, infections

A

Necrosis

108
Q

It is a natural physiological process

Regulated by external and internal signals

A

Apoptosis

109
Q
  • Divide more rapidly
  • Can spread to distant organs
  • Can result from changes in either of two types of proteins
A

Cancer Cells

110
Q

Stimulate cell division and are activated in cancer

A

Oncogene Protein

111
Q
  • Inhibit the cell cycle but in cancer they are inactive
A

Tumor Suppressing Protein

112
Q

Often targets the cell cycle in tumor cells.

A

Cancer Treatment

113
Q

The period from one cell division to the next, it can be divided into mitosis/cytokinesis and interphase.

A

Cell Cycle

114
Q

Cells that contain only one single set of chromosomes – that is one homolog from each pair.

A

Gametes

115
Q

The cell grows in size, replicates its DNA, and then separates the cytoplasm and DNA into two new cells by a process called

A

Mitosis

116
Q

In prokaryotic division, immediately after the chromosome replication is finished what process follows next/begins

A

Cytokinesis

BSN 1 S.Y 2020-2021 (6 decks)

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