Biology PreMidterm Flashcards
it is the scientific study of living things, which we call
organisms
Biology
Biology is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words
“bios” (life) and “logos” (study).
Biology, like other science, is based on what
Systematic observations, hypotheses, predictions, and observational and experimental tests
Biologists study the what
structure, function, growth, origin,
evolution and distribution of living organisms.
The organism is consist of
One or more cells
Organisms are constructed of what
Same kinds of atoms and molecules
Organisms engage in what
in metabolism; they acquire and use energy and materials in order to survive and reproduce
It is the smallest unit of life that has the
signature molecule which is the “nucleic acid”
known as DNA
Cell
Holds instructions for
assembling a variety of proteins
from smaller molecules, the
amino acids.
DNA
What turns DNA instructions
into proteins
RNAs
A capacity to do
work, energy drives all the
molecular events in a cell
ENERGY
The capacity to obtain and convert energy from its surroundings and use energy to maintain itself, grow and produce more cells
METABOLISM
Electron, proton, neutron or some
other fundamental of life
SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
Membrane-bound
internal compartment for
specialized reactions
ORGANELLE
Smallest unit of an element that
still retains the properties of that element
ATOM
Unit of two or more
bonded together atoms of the same
element or different elements
MOLECULE
Small unit with the
capacity to live and reproduce,
independently or as part of
multicelled organism
CELL
Organized aggregation
of cells and substances
functioning together in a
specialized activity
TISSUE
structural unit in which
tissues, combined in specific
amounts and patterns, perform a
common task
ORGAN
Group of individuals of the same kind (that
is the same species) occupying
the same area
POPULATION
Two or more organs
interacting chemically, physically or both
in ways that contribute to organism’s
survival
ORGAN SYSTEM
populations of all
species occupying the same area
COMMUNITY
Individual consisting of
interdependent cells typically
organized in tissues, organs and
organ system
MULTICELLED ORGANISM
Community and its environment
ECOSYSTEM
All regions of the Earth’s crust, waters and atmosphere that sustain life
BIOSPHERE
It is the process of observation, speculation, hypothesis, prediction, and experimentation that is a cornerstone of modern science, although scientists may initiate their research at several different points. Answers gleaned through experimentation lead to new questions, more hypotheses, further experiments, and expanding knowledge.
Scientific Methodology
Scientific Methodology
Make an observation.
Ask a question.
Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
Test the prediction.
Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
Most common elements in an organism are:
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
Organisms also have lesser amounts of many other
elements, such as:
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
Fundamental form of matter that occupies space, has mass, and cannot be broken apart into a different form of matter by ordinary physical or chemical means.
Element
The smallest unit of an element that still retains the characteristics properties of that element.
Atom
Positively charged particle of the atomic nucleus.
All atoms of an element have the same number of
ions, which is the atomic number. A proton without an electron zipping around is a hydrogen ion (H+).
proton (p+)
Negatively charged particle that can occupy a volume of space (orbital) around an atomic nucleus. Electrons can be shared or transferred among atoms.
Electron
An uncharged particle of the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen. For a given element, the mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Neutron
Unit of matter in which two or more atoms of the same element, or different ones are bonded together
Molecule
A molecule composed of two or more different elements in unvarying proportions. Water is an example (H2O)
Compound
The intermingling of two or more elements in proportions that can and usually vary.
Mixture
One or two or more forms of an element’s atoms that differ in their number of neutrons.
ISOTOPE
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus becoming negatively or positively charged.
ION
Any molecule or ions dissolve in some solvent
SOLUTE
The polar molecule that can readily dissolve in water
water-loving substances
Hydrophilic substance
The nonpolar molecule that strongly resists dissolve in water-water dreading substances
Hydrophobic substance
A substance that donates Hydrogen when dissolved in water
ACID
A substance that accepts hydrogen when dissolved in water
BASE
Compound that releases ions other than H+ or OH
when dissolved in water
SALT
Cells consist of water. They release a lot of heat energy by metabolism. If it weren’t for water hydrogen bonds, they might cook in their own juices
Water’s Temperature stabilizing effects
It is a measurement of molecular motion
Temperature
It is the conversion of heat energy liquid water to
gaseous state.
Evaporation
Means something has a capacity to resist rupturing when placed under tension that is, stretched.
Cohesion
Water is an excellent
solvent, for ions and polar
molecules easily dissolve it. True or False?
True
It is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicates acidity.
pH scale
Hydrogen can interact with other molecules and changed their properties. True or False
True
When some substances dissolve in water, they release hydrogen ions (H+). True or False?
True
These are molecules containing carbon and at least one hydrogen atom
Organic Compounds
These assemble biological molecules from pools of smaller organic compounds, including simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleotides.
Cells
These are defined partly by their capacity
to assemble the organic compounds called carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (these are the molecule life)
Cells
These are the most abundant biological molecules of life
Carbohydrate
Most carbohydrates are consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)n. True or False
True
What are the 3 main classes of Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Greek word meaning sugar
“Saccharide”
Meaning one sugar monomer (simple sugar)
Monosaccharide
It is the simplest carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Most organisms use it as their main energy source
Monosaccharide
Examples of Monosaccharide
Ribose and deoxyribose, the sugar unit
of RNA and DNA
These are the short-chain carbohydrates
Oligosaccharide (s)
This means “a few”
Oligo
This consist only
two sugar units
Disaccharides
Examples of Oligosaccharides
Lactose, Sucrose
These are the complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharide (s)
The straight or branched chains
of many sugar monomers of the same or different types.
Polysaccharide (s)
Examples of Polysaccharide
Cellulose, starch and
glycogen
These are nonpolar hydrocarbons
Lipids
They resist dissolving water but easily dissolve in nonpolar substances
Lipids
Components of Lipids
Fats and fatty acids
phospholipids
sterol
waxes
These are lipids known as fats that have
one, two, or three acids attached to glycerol
Fats and Fatty Acids
These have a backbone of thirty-six
carbon atoms
Fats and Fatty Acids
These have a glycerol head and
three fatty acid tails are the major energy reservoirs.
Triglycerides, or neutral fats
These have a glycerol backbone, two
fatty acid tails and hydrophilic
head with a phosphate group
and another polar group.
Phospholipids
These are the main materials of cell membranes,
which have two layers of lipids
Phospholipids
These are lipids with no fatty acids
Sterols
They have a rigid backbone of four
fused together carbon rings
Sterols
These have sterols in their membranes
Eukaryotic cells
The most common type of sterol in tissues of
animals
Cholesterol
These have a long-chain fatty acids
Waxes
