General Biology 2 Flashcards
Its when the DNA is touched, moved, cut, or increased
Genetic Engineering
The process of joining 2 or more DNA molecules to create a hybrid
Recombinant DNA/Technology
It could be used as a vector for recombinant DNA
Bacterial Plasmid
The main goal is about the benefits for humans
Genetically Modified Organisms GMO
Process of making an exact duplicate of the genetic material
Gene Cloning
a carrier used to transfer foreign genes into host cells
Vector/Plasmid
What is used to ‘cut’ the bacterial plasmid open?
Restriction Enzyme
What molecule is used to ‘glue’ the required gene into the plasmid?
Ligase Enzyme
What occurs after the gene of interest is extracted and the plasmid is cut open?
The gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid
Why is the genetically modified plasmid added to a bacterial cell?
To enhance the genes
What is the organelle of the cell that contains genetic information
Nucleus
What ethical concerns are associated with genetic engineering?
unequal distribution of genetic modifications.
He is known for his contributions in evolutionary biology
Charles Robert Darwin
What is the selective agent in Natural selection?
Environment
The concept that species inherit characteristics that enhance their survival and reproduction is known as what?
Natural Selection
When a population is not evolving, it is in a state called
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
It describes an organism’s complete set of genes.
Genotype
Refers to the observable physical properties of an organism.
It includes the organism’s appearance, development, and behavior.
Phenotype
Percentage of Allele in a population
Genetic Frequency
Give the 4 Mechanisms of Evolution
Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Natural Selection
(Mechanisms of Evolution) The original source of all genetic variation. It creates a new DNA sequence for a particular gene creating a new allele.
Mutation
(Mechanisms of Evolution) It involves the movement of genes into our out of a population due to either the movement of individual organisms or
their gametes
Gene Flow
(Mechanisms of Evolution) It involves changes in allele frequency due to chance events literally “sampling error” in selecting alleles for the next generation
Genetic Drift
(Mechanisms of Evolution) It occurs when one allele (or combination of alleles of different genes) makes an organism more or less fit
It can survive and reproduce in a given environment
Natural Selection
Type of Genetic Drift in which a population is sharply reduced in size, due to certain events, leading to a loss of genetic diversity.
Bottleneck Effect
Type of Genetic Drift in which a small group separates from a larger population, establishing a new population
with a gene pool that may differ from the original population.
Founder Effect
What term is used to describe new species forming from a common ancestor
Speciation
Why is the survival of the fittest important for evolution
It allows the passing on of positive traits
Why mutations are important?
They bring the genetic variation needed for a population to evolve
Refers to large-scale changes that occur over extended time periods such as the formation of new species and groups
Macroevolution
Refers to small-scale changes that affect just one or a few genes and happen in populations over shorter timescales
Microevolution
What evidence of evolution explains that the common structures are shared in the embryo stage and disappear by the time the embryo reaches the juvenile or adult form
Evidence from Embryology
The structures with the same set of bones with different function
Homologous Structure
The structures that perform the same function but have very different embryological development or set of structures like bones
Analogous Structure
What evidence of the evolution has the same genetic material (DNA)
The same or highly similar genetic codes
The same basic process of gene expression (transcription and translation)
The same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids
Evidence from Molecular Biology
What evidence of evolution explains that similar organisms may also be found in different locations which could mean that the two places were previously connected
Evidence from Biogeography
What evidence of evolution explains that the records found in the rocks show a gradual evolutionary descent from simpler to more complex life forms
Evidence from the fossil record
The appendix and tailbone are examples of
vestigial structure
Why do scientist look for fossils?
to derive evolutionary relationships
