General And Specific Problems In Reproduction And Sexuality Flashcards
difficulty experienced by individuals or couple during any stage of normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal, or orgasm.
sexual dysfunction
can have profound impact on individual’s perceived quality of sexual life.
sexual dysfunction
characterized by lack or absence, for some period of time, of sexual desire or libido for sexual activity.
sexual desire disorder or decreased libido
manifest when there is a possible decrease in the production of normal estrogen in women or testosterone in both men and women.
sexual desire disorder or decreased libido
sexual arousal disorders previously known as _ in women and _ in men.
frigidity; impotence
erectile dysfunction, also known as _.
impotence
4 terms that replaced impotence and frigidity.
lack of desire
lack of arousal
pain during intercourse
lack of orgasm
a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis.
erectile dysfunction or impotence
two categories of the causes for ED.
psychological erectile dysfunction, and physical damage
causes _ which can be hped by anything that patient believes in; there is very strong ‘placebo’ effect.
psychological erectile dysfunction
continual or severe damage to the _ prevents or delays erection.
nervi erigentes
_ as well as _ diseases causes ED, which decreases blood flo to the tissue in the penis.
diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
4 other causes of erectile dysfunction, many of which are medically reversible.
multiple sclerosis
kidney failure
vascular disease
spinal cord injury
the introduction of the first pharmacologically effective remedy fo impotence, _, in the 1990s caused a wave of public attention, propelled in part by th news-worthiness of stories and heavy advertising.
sildenafil (viagra)
when ejaculation occurs before the partner achieves orgasm.
premature ejaculation
premature ejaculation happens when partner ejaculates _ minutes from the time of the insertion of the penis.
less than 2 minutes
3 diagnosis for premature ejaculation
chronic history of premature ejaculation
poor ejaculatory control
problems that cause feelings of dissatisfaction or distress
present as persistent delays or absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase in sexual encounters.
orgasm disorders or anorgasmia
orgasm disorders can have 3 origins.
physical, psychological, and pharmacological
_ medication can delay orgasm or eliminate it entirely.
antidepressants
orgasm problems during sexual stimulation following _.
menopause
3 sexual pain disorders
dyspareunia
vaginismus
vulvodynia or vulvar vestibulitis
painful intercourse caused by insifficient lubrication in women.
dyspareunia
_ may result from insufficient excitement and stimulation, or from hormonal changes caused by menopause, pregnancy or breastfeeding.
poor lubrication
poor lubrication may be caused by hormonal changes from (3)
menopause
pregnancy
breastfeeding
dyspareunia may be caused by _ that can cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sex.
irritation from contraceptive creams and foams
involuntary spasm of the vaginal wall muscles.
vaginismus
vaginismus cause is unclear, but it is thought that _ may play role.
past sexual trauma (rape, abuse)
burning pain during sex related to problems with the skin in the vulvar and vaginal areas.
vulvodynia or vulvar vestibulitis
4 post-orgasmic diseases
post-coital tristesse (PCT)
sexual headaches
post-orgasmic illness syndrome (POIS)
dhat syndrome (culture-bound syndrome)
cause symptoms shortly after orgasm or ejaculation.
post-orgasmic diseases
occur in skull and neck during sexual activity including masturbation, arousal, or orgasm.
sexual headaches
in men, it causes severe musclepain throughout the body an other symptoms immediately following ejaculation.
post-orgasmic illness syndrome (POIS)
symptoms of POIS (11)
rapid breathing
paraesthesia
palpitations
headaches
aphasia
nausea
itchy eyes
fever
muscle pain
weakness
fatigue
culture-bound syndrome
dhat syndrome
tingling or pricking hands (pins and needles).
paraesthesia
loss of ability to understand or express speech.
aphasia
in men, it causes anxious and dysphoric mood after sex, but is distinct from the low-mood and concentration problems (acute aphasia).
dhat syndrome or culture-bound syndrome
low-mood and concentration problems
acute aphasia
from the onset of orgasm, dhat syndrome symptoms can persist for up to a _ in patients.
week
dhat syndrome is believed to be caused by _.
a pathology of either immune system or the ANS
t/f: dhat syndrome has no known cure.
true
underlying cause of sexual dysfunction in both women and men, treatable by physical therapy.
pelvic floor dysfunction
sexual arousal disorders can be caused by interpersonal or psychological problems, which can be the result of (4).
depression
sexual fears or guilt
past sexual trauma
sexual disorders
physical causes of sexual arousal disorder that includes use of drugs, such as (7)
alcohol
nicotine
narcotics
stimulants
anti-hypertensive
antihistamines
psychotherapeutic drugs
in sexual arousal disorders, what are the 4 causes that physiologically changes the women, which affects the reproductive system that can have an adverse effect on libido.
premenstrual syndrome
pregnancy
postpartum period
menopause
4 other causes of sexual arousal disorders
injuries to the back impacting sexual activity
enlarged prostate gland
problems with blood supply
nerve damage
6 sexual arousal disorders
erectile dysfunction
premature ejaculation
orgasm disorders
sexual pain disorders
post-orgasmic diseases
pelvic floor dysfunction
other 4 physical causes of sexual arousal disorders.
diseases
hormonal deficiencies
some birth defects
in aging women, it is natural for the vagina to narrow and become atrophied
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in male: if sexual dysfunction is deemed to have psychological component or cause.
psychotherapy
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in male: discontinuing smoking, drug, or alcohol abuse.
lifestyle changes
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in male: viagra, cialis, and levitra as first line therapy.
medications
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in male: involves injecting vasodilator drug directly into the penis in order to stimulate an erection.
intracavernous pharmacotherapy
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in male: when conservati therapies fail, insert penile implant.
penile prosthesis
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in male: lifestyle changes (3)
discontinuing smoking, drug, or alcohol abuse
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in male: medications (3)
viagra, cialis, and levitra
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in female: flibanserin, pain relievers, desensitizing agents, vaginal lubricants
medications
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in female: medications (4).
flibanserin
pain relievers
desensitizing agents
vaginal lubricants
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in female: counselor or sex therapist
psychotherapy
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in female: psychotherapy
counselor or sex therapist
treatment of sexual arousal disorders in female: alternative treatments (2) to treat vaginal drynes and atrophy.
topical estrogen creams
gels
according to WHO, _ is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after _ months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (and there is no other reason, such as _ or _).
infertility
12
breastfeeding
postpartum amenorrhea
infertility in a couple who have never had a child.
primary infertility
_ is the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least _ months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.
primary infertility
12
WHO also adds that women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whos pregnancy result in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth.
primary infertility
two categories of effects of infertility:
psychological and social
failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy.
secondary infertility
the absence of a live birth of women who desire a child an have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.
secondary infertility
infertility may be caused by _ in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause.
infection
infertility consequences are manifold, can include
_ and _.
societal repercussions
personal suffering
the psychological effect of infertility include partners may become more anxious to conceive, increasing _.
sexual dysfunction
infertility causes _, especially when under pressure to make medical decisions.
marital discord
infertility effects: women trying to conceive often have _ rates similar to women who have CVD or CA.
depression
_ and _ are greater in couples where infertility lies with the man.
emotional stress
marital difficulties
social effects of infertility: in many cultures, inability to conceive bears a _.
stigma
social effects of infertility: in closed social groups, a degree of _ may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment.
rejection
ASA causes _
immune infertility
_ have been considered as infertility cause in around 10-30% of infertile couples.
antisperm antibody (ASA)
causes of infertility: in both men and women, ASA production are directed against _ on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting _ and _ reaction, impaired _, influence on the _ process, and impaired growth and development of the _.
surface antigens
capacitation
acrosome
fertilization
implantation
embryo
factors contributing to ASA formation in women are (5)
disturbance of normal immune-regulatory mechanisms
infection
violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes
rape
unprotected oral or anal sex
risk factors for ASA formation in men include (9)
breakdown of the blood-testis barrier
trauma and surgery
orchitis
varicocele
infections
prostatitis
testicular cancer
failur of immune-suppression
unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men
there is a consistent association of _ infection associated with increased risk of infertility, and female reproductive tract syndromes.
mycoplasm genitalium
genetic-caused infertility in affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as _ and severe _.
azoospermia
oligozoospermia
medical term used when there are no sperm in the ejaculate.
azoospermia
semen with low concentration of sperm.
oligozoospermia
DNA damage reduces fertility in _.
female oocytes
other factors that reduces fertility in female oocytes aside from DNA damage (3)
smoking
other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (radiation or chemotherapy)
accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage such as 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
(3) DNA damaging agents that reduces fertility in male sperm.
reactive oxygen species
fever
high testicular temperature
the damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to _ inducible by heat or acid.
denaturation
4 general factors that causes infertility.
diabetes mellitus
thyroid disorders
undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease
adrenal disease
3 hypothalamic-pituitary factors that causes infertility.
hyperprolactinemia
hypopituitarism
presence of anti-thyroid antibodies
5 environmental factors that causes infertility.
toxins such as glue, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides
_ are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.
tobacco-smokers
two alimentary habits that cause infertility.
obesity
low weight
an increase in BMI in the male by as little as _ units can be associated with infertility.
3
causes of infertility: increase in BMI is correlated with a decrease in _.
sperm concentration
causes of infertility: a decrease in _ and an increase DNA damage in sperm.
motility
causes of infertility: _ tend to have lower sperm concentrations than those with normal BMI.
underweight men
causes of infertility: _, and having extremely low amounts of body fat are associated with ovarian dysfunction and infertility and they have higher risk for preterm birth.
underweight women
causes of infertility: underweight women, and having extremely low amounts of body fat are associated with _ and infertility and they have higher risk for _.
ovarian dysfunction
preterm birth
female infertility is caused by (2).
blockage of the fallopian tube
inability to ovulate
causes of female infertility: blockage of the fallopian tube due to _, infections such as _ or _.
malformations
chlamydia
scar tissue
_ can cause infertility with the growth of endometrial tissue in the fallopian tubes or around the ovaries.
endometriosis
blockage of the fallopian tube or endometriosis is more common in _, especially when postponed childbirth has taken place.
mid-twenties and older
causes of female infertility: malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception.
inability to ovulate
cause of female infertility where eggs only partially develop within the ovary and there is an excess of male hormones.
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs. in this case, _ by injection or _ via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to matur in the ovaries.
synthetic FSH
clomid (clomidphene citrate)
3 other factors of female infertility.
advanced maternal age
pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis
previous surgery (tubal ligation)
cause of female infertility includes pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like _.
tuberculosis
female fertility declines after the age of _.
30
two major cause of male infertility
low sperm count
viable, immotile sperm
male infertility is caused by low sperm count due to (4).
endocrine problems
drugs
radiation
infection
cause of male infertility: low sperm count, there may be (3).
testicular malformations
hormonal imbalance
blockage of man’s duct system
male infertility is caused by a viable, but immobile sperm that may be caused by _.
primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)
sperm must provid zygote with _, _, and _ for embryo to develop. a defect in any of these sperm structures may result in infertility that will not be detected by semen analysis.
DNA
centrioles
activation factor
_ cause immune infertility.
ASA
_ can lead to infeility in men.
cystic fibrosis
in these cases, abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods.
unexplained infertility
possible problems that could lead to unexplained infertility could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization that it may not enter the _, sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails.
fallopian tube
it is increasingly recognized that _ is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization.
egg quality
women over the age of _ should see the physician after _ as fertility tests can take some time to complete, and age may affect the treatment options that are open in that case.
35
six months
6 medications used to increase fertility.
clomiphene citrate
human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
analogues, aromatase, and metformin
treatment for infertility: if sperm are of good quality and mechanics of the woman’s reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian tubes, no adhesions or scarring), a course of _ maybe used.
ovulation induction
treatment for infertility: placing sperm inside the cap d putting the contraception device on the cervix.
conception cap (cervical cap)
treatment for infertility: MD introduces sperm into uterus uring ovulation, via catheter.
intrauterine insemination (IUI)
after stimulation of ovaries, the physician surgically extracts 1 or more eggs from the ovary, and unites them with sperm in laboratoy setting, with the intent of producing 1 or more embryos.
assisted reproductive technology (ART)
in ART, fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman’s reproductive tract, in a procedure called _.
embryo transfer
feeling of melancholy and axiety after sexual intercourse that lasts for up to _ hours.
post-coital tristesse (PCT)
2
two microorganisms that cause infertility due to internal scarring (fallopian tube obstruction).
chlamidia trachomatis
neisseria gonrrheae
practice of traveling to another country for fertility treatments.
fertility tourism/medical tourism
2 major procedures involved in fertility tourism
IVF
donor insemination
spermatogonial stem cells transplant takes place in the _.
seminiferous tubule
with this treatment, the patient experience spermatogenesis, and therefore, it has the chance to have offspring if he wants to.
spermatogonial stem cells transplant
spermatogonial stem cells transplant is specially oriented for cancer patients, whose sperm is destroyed due to the _ they are submitted to.
gonadotoxic treatment
scientists have found these stem cells, which may generate new oocytes in postnatal conditions.
ovarian stem cells
two types of ART.
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
type of ART that is commonly used. proven useful in overcoming infertility conditions, such as blocked or damaged tubes, endometriosis, repeated IUI failure, unexplained infertility, poor ovarian reserve, poor or even nil sperm count.
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
type of ART used in poor semen quality, low sperm count, failed fertilization attemps during prior IVF cycles. involves injection of single healthy sperm directly injected into matur egg. fertilized embryo is then transferred to womb.
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
a surgical procedure that restores the function of fallopian tubes and used in treating infertility.
tuboplasty
