General Anatomy Concepts Flashcards
describe the anatomical position.
body fully erect with head, eyes, and toes directed forward, hands at the sides and palms forward. all descriptions of structures of the body are made with reference to this position
what is fascia composed of?
cells, fibers, and ground substance
What is the function of fascia?
- Adds strength to structures
- provides continuity to structures covered/encircled
- provides ease of movement by allowing structures to move easily over one another.
superficial fascia
CT layer found directly beneath the skin composed of two layers: superficial (fatty) and deeper reinforcing layer (membranous)
deep fascia
“stocking-like” vestment of fibrous CT devoid of fat and located deep to superficial fascia.
- surrounds body musculature
- forms sheaths for nerves and vessels
- provides general compartmentation by attaching to bony prominences
- provides assessory attachments for muscles to bone
What are some examples of deep fascia?
retinaculum, intermuscular septum, neurovascular sheath, bursa
retinaculum
narrow band of deep fascia associated with joint, functions to hold tendons close to bones as joint moves and prevent ‘bow stringing’
intermuscular septum
specialized deep fascia, forms partition between muscular groups and aid in delineating muscular compartments
neurovascular sheath
tubular sheath of deep fascia that surrounds arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves that transverse and/or feed a muscular compartment
bursa
CT membranes which surround tendons as sheaths, overlay boney prominences, and surround organs as bursal sacs. linings secrete serous fluids which reduce the frictional component of structures moving within or over them.
What are the functions of bone?
- support and protection of soft tissues
- provides ‘levers’ for action of skeletal muscles
- blood producing organ
- storage site for calcium
What are the divisions of the skeletal system?
- axial - skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
2. appendicular - limbs and bones of girdle which attach them to the axial skeleton
what are the different types of bone?
- long
- short
- irregular
- flat
- sesamoid
Name the regions of the long bone.
diaphysis - shaft
metaphysis - expanded portion of shaft approaching end
epiphysis - distal ends of long bones
appositional growth
growth in width; result of coupled activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts removing bone from wall of medullary cavity and forming new bone on external surface
where does bone growth of length occur?
epiphyseal line - cartilaginous line where bone extension occurs
what are the main types of joints?
- fibrous - joints united by fibrous tissue (suture, syndesmosis)
- cartilaginous - joints united by cartilage (synchondrosis, symphysis)
- synovial - most common, characterized by hyaline covered articular surfaces, joint capsule w/ cavity, synovial membrane, freely mobile
what are the characteristics of synovial joints?
- hyaline cartilage covered articular surfaces
- presence of joint capsule surrounding joint cavity
- symovial membrane lining capsule secreting synovial fluid
- reinforcing capsular ligaments
- may have fibrocartilaginous articular disk or interarticular ligaments
- freely mobile
Describe different types of synovial joints.
- plane/gliding: sliding of surfaces (vertebrae)
- hinge: flex/extend around single transverse axis (elbow
- pivot: bone ‘pin’ with osseofibrous ring (atlantoaxial joint)
- condyloid: modified ball and socket; allows movements in two planes at right angles (wrist)
- saddle: biaxial articulation where surfaces of each articulating bone lie in opposite directions (joint of thumb)
- ball and socket - convex head fits a concavity (shoulder/hip)
how are muscles named?
size, shape, number of heads, fiber direction, location, function, attachments
What are the categories used to describe the belly of muscles?
- fusiform - parallel fibers longitudinally oriented (weak)
- unipennate - parallel fibers that attach to ta tendon obliquely
- bipennate - “feather-like”
- multipennate - many feathers next to one another (strongest)
