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MSK - Back > Embryology - Development of the Spinal Cord, PNS, SS, MS > Flashcards

Embryology - Development of the Spinal Cord, PNS, SS, MS Flashcards

1
Q

Describe neurulation

A

formation of the neural tube - sides of the neural plate elevate to from neural grove which then fuse.

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2
Q

what will the neural tube become?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what forms neural crest cells?

A

neuroectoderm as the neural tube is closing - migrate into underlying mesoderm.

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4
Q

What do cranial neural crest cells form?

A
  • bones, cartilage, fascia, ligaments and tendons of face and neck
  • sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia
  • (shared) meninges, schwann cells, melanocytes
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5
Q

What do spinal neural crest cells form?

A
  • dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia
  • fibrous skeleton of the heart
  • (shared) meninges, schwann cells, melanocytes
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6
Q

What becomes the spinal cord?

A

neural tube caudal to 4th pair of somites

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7
Q

What are the three different regions that form in the neural tube and give rise to the different areas of the spinal cord.

A

ventricular - contains neuroepithelium that gives rise to neurons and glia

mantle - have alar and basal plate which become horns

marginal - outermost, will contain axons

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8
Q

What forms ventral motor horns and dorsal sensory horns?

A

neuroblasts

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9
Q

What forms astrocytes and oligodendrocytes?

A

gliablasts

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10
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend to at birth?

A

LV4-LV5

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11
Q

In adults where does the spinal cord end?

A

LV1-LV2

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12
Q

At what point does the vertebral cord extend the whole length of the vertebral column?

A

during the 3rd month of gestation

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13
Q

What is the active movement of axon toward an end organ or target?

A

neuronal pathfinding - follows signals released from somatic mesoderm

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14
Q

When do dorsal and ventral rami form?

A

when the somite splits into epimere (dorsal) and hypomere (ventral)

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15
Q

What three things does a somite split into?

A

myotome - skeletal muscle
dermatome - area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve
schleratome - axial skeleton

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16
Q

What results when vertebral arches of spinal cord fail to fuse?

A

spina bifida occulta

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17
Q

What results when the vertebral arches of the spinal cord fail to fuse, involving the meninges and/or neural tissue?

A

spina bifida cystics

  • spina bifida with meningocele
  • spina bifida with meningomyelocele
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18
Q

What results when the neural plate fails to elevate and fuse?

A

spina bifida with myeloschisis

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19
Q

What is the process where the caudal have of schlerotome fuses with cranial half of neighbor to form the vertebral body?

A

resegmentation

20
Q

how do intervertebral disks form?

A

annulus fibrosis is formed from mesenchymal cells

nucelus pulposus formed from the notochord

21
Q

what does rearrangement of sclerotomes result in?

A
  • myotomes spanning the intervertebral discs
  • spinal nerves exit between contiguous vertebrae
  • intersegmental arteries pass midway over vertebral bodies
22
Q

What do ribs form from?

A

originate from costal processes of the 12 thoracic vertebra

23
Q

What does the sternum originate from?

A

form from ventral somatic ventral mesoderm of a pair of vertical bands called the sternal bars. ribs grow to and attach

24
Q

What are two congenital causes of scoliosis?

A

asymmetric fusion of vertebra

half of vertebra doesnt form

25
Q

What syndrome is caused by lack of resegmentation leading to fused cervical vertebrae?

A

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

26
Q

Describe the difference between pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum?

A

both are cased by excessive rib growth

  • excavatum: sunk in
  • carinatum: protrudes out
27
Q

Describe myogenesis.

A

mesoderm cells differentiate into myoblasts primordial muscle cells) which elongate and fuse together to form myotubes. Becomes a muscle fiber with the formation of contractile filaments in the cytoplasm of myotube.

28
Q

What syndrome is characterized by absent/underdeveloped pectoralis muscles and syndactyly of the fingers possibly due to loss of blood supply to chest wall during development?

A

Poland syndrom

29
Q

What is the ectodermal thickening at the apex of the limb bud called?

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

30
Q

When does limb bud formation occur?

A 
upper = day 26/27
lower = day 27/28
31
Q

During week 5 the ends of the limb buds begin to flatten and separate from limb bud. What is this structure called?

A

handplates or footplates

32
Q

How are digital rays formed?

A

through ones of apoptosis (upper 6th, lower 7th)

33
Q

How are joints formed?

A

joint cavity is formed by cell death and surrounding cells differentiate into joint capsule.

34
Q

What limbs rotate the most causing a twisting of the dermatome?

A

lower limbs

35
Q

Why do sensory nerves ‘spiral’ around limb while motor fibers are distributed through and dont follow dermatome innervation?

A

sensory nerves are ‘pulled’ into limb as it develops while motor nerves grow into limb with myotomes.

36
Q

What portion of myotome becomes flexor muscles? extensor?

A 
anterior = flexor
posterior = extensor
37
Q

What is it called when the limb is absent due to suppression of limb bud development?

A

Amelia

38
Q

What is it called when only part of a limb is absent due to arrest of limb bud?

A

Meromelia

- phocomelia is type involving absence of long bones

39
Q

shortness of digits?

A

brachydactyly

40
Q

fusion of two or more digits from insufficient apoptosis between digital rays?

A

syndactyly

41
Q

extra fingers and toes?

A

polydactyly

42
Q

absence of digit?

A

ectrodactyly

43
Q

What is cleft hand or foot?

A

absence of 3rd metacarpal as well as fusion of thumb to second digit, and fusion of 4th to 5th

44
Q

how is clubfoot caused?

A

caused by abnormal position of the foot leading to deformed development, often by the presence of too little amniotic fluid

45
Q

Why are amniotic membrane strips in the amniotic fluid a problem?

A

causes amniotic bands - encircle portions of the fetus cutting off blood supply and amputating limbs or digits

MSK - Back (8 decks)

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