Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CBA- 1 > General Anatomy > Flashcards

General Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

techniques used to study anatomy

A 
dissection 
microscopy 
radiology 
ultrasonography 
radiology 
CT scan 
MRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
describe 
Natal 
prenatal 
postnatal 
neonates
infants 
adolescents 
puberty
A

associated with childbirth

stage from fertilization to childbirth

stage from birth till death

first month of life (4weeks )

from birth till year one

the interval from begins from puberty and ends with completed growth

sequence of rapid events by which a child transfroms into a young adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

decribe anatomical position

A

When a person standing erect,upperlimb hanging by the sides and palms of hands directing forward and toes of feet also directing forward and eyes looking at the horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
describe 
plane 
median plane 
sagittal plane 
coronal plane 
transverse plane 
oblique plane
A

PlanesDefined as a 2 dimensional flat surface or it is an imaginary flat surface formed by the extension of a point.

Median PlanePlane divides the body in two equal halves.
Sagittal Plane
It is parallel to median Plane.

Coronal PlaneIt is at right angle to the sagittal plane

Horizontal/Transaxial/Transverse PlaneIt is at right angle to both sagittal and coronal plane.

Oblique PlaneAt any angle to all of the above planes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
define 
longitudinal section 
vertical section 
cross section 
oblique section
A

LogitudinalPart of the body length wise.

VerticalLongitudinal section when body is in anatomical position.

Cross-sectionAt right angle to longitudinal.

Oblique SectionAt any angle to all of the above sections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
describe rems
anterior/ventral 
posterior/ dorsal 
cephalic/superior 
caudal/inferior 
proximal
distal
A

Anterior/VentralFront of the body.

Posterior/DorsalBack of the body.

Cephalic/SuperiorTowards the head,near the vertex of the head.

Caudal/InferiorNear sole/foot

Proximal(Nearer to)Near the point of its origin i.e,Shoulder is proximal to elbow

Distal(Further from)Away from the point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
describe term 
lateral
medial 
ipsilateral 
contralateral 
external 
internal 
superficial 
deep
A

LateralAway from the median plane

MedialNear the median plane

IpsilateralStructure located on the same side of the body
ContralateralStructure located on the ooppsite side.

ExternalOuter/Nearer the surface

InternalFurther away from the surface.

SuperficialNearer the skin.

DeepFurther away from it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
describe 
flexor 
extensor 
palmer 
planter 
dorsal 
ventral
A

FlexorAnterior surface of upper limb and posterior surface of lower limb.

ExtensorPosterior surface of upper limb and anterior surface of lower limb.

PalmerAnterior surface of hand (specific for hand).

PlanterInferior surface of foot.
DorsalPosterior surface of hand and anterior surface of foot.
VentralRefers to the front or anterior surface of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe translation

A

Relative displacement of one bone in relation to other (slides over other) No angulation eg, Intercarpal Joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe abduction adduction

A

AbductionPart of body moves away from median plane.

AdductionPart of body move towards the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

decribe angulation, flexion and extension

A

AngulationMovement at a joint in which angle between long axis of bone involved changes It has two types1.Flexion/BendingMovement in which two flexor surfaces move close (angle is decreased)2.ExtentionOpposite movement in which flexor surfaces move away from eachother.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe median rotation lateral rotation and circumduction

A
  1. Median Rotation:Referance point moves toward midline.
  2. Lateral Rotation:Referance point moves away from the midline.

circumduction is combination of flexion extension, aduction , abduction
Movement of body region in circular manner in which one end of the body region being moved stays relativelt stationary which other end moves in circle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is pronation and supination

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is inversion and eversion

A

feet facing each other

feet facing away from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the structure met in discection

A 
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Vessels(Arteries,Veins,Capillaries and Lypmh vessels)
Nerves
Mucles
Bones.Joints,Cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define epidermis

A

It is an avascular superficial layer that consists of stratified sqaumous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define epidermis

A

It is an avascular superficial layer that consists of stratified sqaumous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe dermis

A

Deeper,Vascular,dense fibrous tissue It sends small peg like protrusions into epidermis that helps bind epidermis to dermis by increasing surface area of contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is fascia and is principal layer

A

layers of fibrou tisssue that seperate skin from deeper structures

superficial and deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe superficial fascia

A

It is a fibrous mesh filled with fats connects the dermis to the underlying layer of deep fascia.Its thickness varies with the amounts of fats it contains.It is dense in back of neck,scalp,palms and soles.Thinnest in eyelids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe deep fascia

A

A layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds muscles,bones,nerves and blood vessels.Examples.1.Traverse Fascia2.Parietal fascia3.Deep cervical Fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe arties and its properties

A

Tubes which convey blood from heart to the tissue at high pressure
.Largest arterty =Elastic aorta size 2.5cm in diameter
Smallest = arterioles size > 1mm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define anastomosis and its significance

A

Anastomosis: Smallest arteries unite to form tubular loops.

Important in maintaining circulation when one artery is blocked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe capillaries

A

The small microscopic tubes that form a network through which arterioles discharge blood into the veins.Capillary wall consists or single layer of endothelial cellsthrough wich substances are exchanged between the blood and the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

amount of blood and pressure inn capillaries dpend on

A

1) Degree of contraction of arterioles

2) Activity of tissue they supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe veins

A

Blood from capillaries reaches veins.

Sluggish blood flow is aided by the:

1) Contraction of surrounding muscles causing contraction.
2) Fall of the pressure in thorax with each inspiration draws venous blood into the thorax.

Presence of Valves prevents any tendancy to backward flow of the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe lymph vessels

A

Lymph vessels are fine tubes that contain a clear fluid.

It provides a mechanism of exchange of substances between tissues and blood.

1) Afferent vessels (carrying fluid towards lymph node)
2) Efferent vessels (carrying fluid away from the lymph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe bone as a connective tissue

A

Specialized connective tissue,that is composed of intercelluar calcified matrix and three cells.1.Osteoblasts2.Osteocyte3.Osteoclast
Intracellular substance consists of dense, white fibrous tissue embedded in hard calcium phosphate.
Fibrous tissue provides Resilience.
Calcium phosphate provide resistance against compression forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the layers of bone

A

Endosteum:Convering bone internally
Periosteum:Covering bone externally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the functions of bone

A

Shape and support to body

Resist any form of stress

Provide surface attachment to muscles, tendons and ligaments.

Serves as lever to muscular action.

Skull, vertebral column and rib cage protects brain, spinal cord and visceras resectively.

Bone manufactures blood cells.

Bone stores 97% of body calcium and phosphorous

Reticulo-endothelial system that is phagocytic in nature and take part in immune responses of body.

Larger paranasal sinuses provides resonation to the voice and humidifies the inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe periosteum

A

It is a dense layer of connective tissue which covers the external surface of bone except where they articulate with the synovial joint.

Continous with deep fascia, muscles, tendon, ligament, fibrous capsule of joint.

Bone is smooth where covered by articular cartilage, that gives fleshy attachment to muscles and subcutaneous

Bone is roughened where attached to ligaments, aponeurosis, tendons.

Bone is grooved where arteries pass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the layers of periosteum

A

fibrous layer

osteogenic layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the function periosteum and endosteum

A

Principal function of both layers is to provide nutrition to osseous tissue and provision of a continuous supply of new osteoblasts for repair and growth of bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is structural classification of bone

A

compact

spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe compact bone

A
  1. It is dense form of bone which forms tubular bodies of long bone filled with yellow bone marrow.
  2. Dense in texture but extremly porous.
  3. It has haversion system which contains yellow,longitudinal laminated tubules.
  4. It is best developed in the cortex of long bones.Examples:Bones of upper and lower limb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is haversion system

A

Structural component of bone is called osteon,or Haversion system.It is an elongated cylinder
Oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe osteon

A

A central haversion canal with concentric rings(known as lamellae) of bone matrix runing length wise.
A central canal carries nerves and vessels throughout the areas of bone.
Canaliculi:Tiny canals radiate outward from central canals towards each lacunae space.
Volkmann’s canal:These are the canals that run at the right angle to the central canals forming a connection between the two.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

describe spongy bones

A

It has a spongy of bony spicules and trabaculaes giving it a honeycomb appearance.
Occurs in end of long bone(epiphysis) and fills the flat and irregular bone.The spaces between spicules is filled with red bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are trabeculae’s

A

Rods and plates are irregularly arrangedand osteocytes.They doesnot contain osteon and gains their nutrition directly fromred bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is regional classification bone

A

axial skeleton

appendiculr skeleton

41
Q

what is axial skeleton

A

The axial skeleton is a part of skeleton that consists of bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.

42
Q

what are the bones of axial skeleton

A

It consists of 80 bones in total and is composed of 6 parts.1.Skull(cranium,face) 82.Hyoid bone 13.Ossicle of Middle ear 64.Sternum 15.Rib Cage 246.Vertebral column 26

43
Q

what are functions of axial skeleton

A

Axial skeleton forms central axis of body.
Provides support and protectionto brain, spinalcord and other important organs present in the ventralbody cavity.
Provides attachment to muscles of head, neck &trunk.
Performs respiratory movements.
Stabilizes appendicular skeleton.

44
Q

what is appendicular skeleton

A

It is a portion of skeleton consisting of the bones that support the appendanges.
It includes 1)Bone elements with in both upper and lower limbs.2)Supporting Pectoral(shoulder)girdle.3)Supporting Pelvic(Hip) girdle.
It consists of 126 bones.

45
Q

what are the bones of appendicular skeleton

A 
Pectoral(shoulder)girdle
Clavicle 2
Scapula 2
Upper extermities
Humerus 2
Ulna 2
Radius 2
Carpals 16
Metacarpals 10
Phalanges 28

Pelvic(hip) girdlePelvic/hip bone 2
Lower ExtermitiesFemur 2Fibula 2Tibia 2 Patella 2Tarsals 14Metatarsals 10Phalanges 28

46
Q

what are the functions of appendicular skeleton

A

It supports the attachment of muscles of upper and lower limbs.
Upper limbs and hands functions to grasp and manipulate objects.
Lower limbs and pelvic girldle permits locomotion and bears weight of the body.

47
Q

classification of bones according to shape

A 
long 
short 
flat 
 irregular
pneumatic 
sesmoid
48
Q

describe the strcutur of long bone

A

Each long bone has elongated shaft called diaphysis,two expanded ends known as epiphysis and a narrow portion b/w epiphysis and diaphysis is called metaphysis.Cortex:Outer layer of boneMedullary cavity:Space inside the cortex housed by bone marrow

49
Q

classification of long bones

A

a) Typical:Humerus,radius,ulna,femur,tibia,fibula
b) Minaiture:With one epiphysis I.e,metacarpals,metatarsals,phalanges
c) Modified:with no medullary cavityE,g.Clavicle

50
Q

describe short bones

A

Their shapes are usually trapezoid,scaphoid,cuneiform or cuboid.Examples:tarsals and carpal bones

51
Q

describe flat bones

A

Resembles shallow plates and forms boundaries of cavities.Examples:Skull,Ribs,Sternum,and scapula

52
Q

desribe irregular bones

A

These are peculiarly shaped to provide protection and support to body.Allows Flexibilty
Examples:Hip bonesVertebral columnHyoid bone

53
Q

describe pneumatic bones

A

Certain bones in skull contains large air spaces lined by epithelium.
Examples:Maxilla,sphenoid,ethmoid

54
Q

describe sesmoid bone

A

Bony nodules found embedded in the joint capsules and tendons.They have no periosteum and ossify after birth.
Examples:Patella.fabella,pisiform etc

55
Q

what is osteogenesis

A

The developmental process of bone is known as osteogenesis(also called ossification).

56
Q

what are the types of ossification

A

intramembranous

intracartilgenous

57
Q

describe intramembranous ossification

A

Immature embryonic connective tissue i,e mesenchyme forms layers/memberanes within which bone forming cells i,e osteoblasts lay down unmineralized bone matrix.

Later mineralized by the deposition of calcium phosphate also secreted by osteoblasts.
This method is direct and quick and forms memberane bones.
Flate bones of skull are formed by this method.

58
Q

describe intra-cartilaginous ossification

A

A miniature cartilaginous model of hyaline cartilage is first formed.Bone formation occurs in centre of model called as primary centre.Primary centre spread bone formation towards bone ends.At bone ends secondary centres are forming bone and length of bone increases.

At the time of birth primary centres are present.
After birth secondary centre appear.
Primary and secondary centre fuse in adulthood.

In this kind of ossification hyaline cartilage is not converted into bone but replaced by the bone.
For example:Long bone growth

59
Q

define and describe joints

A

Joint is a point of connection between two bones

Strands of connective tissue, ligaments, hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints

60
Q

classification of joints according to their motion

A

Synarthroses
Immovable

Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable

Diarthroses
Allow the greatest amount of motion

61
Q

classification of joints on the bases of material that joins them

A

Fibrous joint
Allow no movement
E.g. sutures of the scull

Cartilaginous joints
Allow limited movement
E.g. intervertebral discs

Synovial joints
Allow large range of movements
E.g. hip joint

62
Q

describe fibrous joint and its types

A

When bones are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting of collagen

They are further divided into 3 types
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

63
Q

describe sutures

A

They are found between bones of skull

In fetal skull the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid

64
Q

describe syndesmoses

A

They are found between long bones of the body
Like btw radius and ulna
They are moveable but not such degree like synovial.

65
Q

describe gamphosis

A

It is found between the root of a tooth and socket in the maxilla and mandible

66
Q

describe cartilaginous joints

A

They are connected entirely by the cartilage

They allow more movement than fibrous joints but less than highly mobile synovial joints

An example would be joint between manubrium and sternum

They also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of spinal column

67
Q

describe primary cartilaginous joints

A

Connecting medium is by hyaline cartilage sometimes occurring between ossification centres

They generally allow no movement

Example in human are joint btw manubrium and sternum and growth plates between ossification centres

68
Q

describe secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and joined by fibrocartilage
They allow limited degree of movement
Example in human would be intervertebral disc

69
Q

define and state characteristics of synovial joints

A

These are the joints which are most mobile
Characteristics of Synovial Joints
Articular surfaces
Hyaline cartilage
A protective layer of dense white connective tissue that covers the ends of the articulating bones
Joint cavity
Synovial membrane
Covers joint cavity, except over the surfaces of the articular cartilages
Secretes the lubrication fluid
Synovial fluid
Lubricates the joint
Capsule
May or may not have thickenings called intrinsic ligaments
Extrinsic ligaments
Support the joint and connect the articulating bones of the joint

70
Q

what are the types of synovial joints

A 
uniaxial (rotation only about one axis)
biaxial joints (movement about two perpendicular axes)
multiaxial joints (movement about all three perpendicular axes)
71
Q

synovial joints are classified into

A
  1. Hinge Joint
  2. Pivot Joint
  3. Condyloid Joint
  4. Ellipsoid Joint
  5. Saddle-shaped joint
  6. Ball and Socket Joint
  7. Plane Joint
72
Q

describe the characteristics of plane joint

A

Uniaxial
(permits sliding and gliding movements)
The bone surfaces involved are nearly flat
E.g. intercarpal joints and Intermetatarsal joints
Acromioclavicular joint of the vertebrae
gliding joint

73
Q

describe the characteristics of hinge joint

A

Uniaxial
Has one articulating surface that is convex, and another that is concave.(One end is like cylinder shape and other is trough shaped.)
Like a hinge of the door.
Allows Flexion and Extension

E.g. humero-ulnar elbow joint, interphalangeal joint
Knee Joint (Modified Hinge joint)
ginglymus joint
74
Q

describe the characteristic of pivot joint

A

Uniaxial
Cylinderical bony processRotating within a circle of bone and ligament.(Longitudinal axis)
Rotational movement along one axis

E.g. head of radius rotating against ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint
Atlantoaxial joint

75
Q

describe elipsoid joint

A 
Biaxial Joint.Movement around two axis
 (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction,Circumduction)
The joint surfaces are usually oval
One joint surface is an ovular convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface
Radiocarpal Joint(Wrist Joint)
Metacarpophalangeal joint
76
Q

an example of condyloid joint

A

temporomandibular joint

77
Q

describe saddle joint

A

Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)
Joints are formed by concavo-convex opposing surface.
Saddle of horse and Rider
Flexion,extension,abduction,adduction(greater degree of movement)
E.g.Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

78
Q

describe ball and socket joint

A

Multiaxial (rotation in all planes)
A rounded bone(globular head) is fitted into a cup=like receptacle concavity or socket
Allows all types of movements
E.g. shoulder and hip joints

79
Q

what is gliding movement

A

Simplest movementOne surface slides over anotherIntercarpal and Intertarsal Joints

80
Q

what are functions of muscles

A 
Mobility
• Restriction of movement.
& liberation of heat e.g. shivering.
• Body contour & shape
• Maintenance of normal physiological equilibrium of body.
81
Q

what are muscle tissue properties

A 
Irritability or Excitability
…to be stimulated
Contractility
…to contract (shorten)
Extensibility 
…to be stretched
Elasticity
…return to original position after being stretched
82
Q

structural classification of muscles

A

Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles

83
Q

what are the different classifications of muscles

A

According to structure
According to function
According to development
According to phylogenetic history

84
Q

what are tendons

A

Three membranes converge to form a tendon which connects the muscle to the bone

85
Q

classification of muscles according to function

A

Voulntary muscles

Involuntary muscles

86
Q

describe classification of muscles according to development

A 
Mesodermal muscles
Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles and most of the smooth muscles
Ectodermal muscles
Muscles in iris, skin and sweat glands
Endodermal muscles
Myoepithelial cells of sweat glands
87
Q

describe classification of muscles according to phylogenetic history

A 
Somatic muscles
Develop from paraxial mesoderm
Innervated my somatic nervous system
Help in adaptation to prevailing external envoirnment
Visceral muscles
Develop from unspecialised mesoderm
Innervated by autonomic nervous system
Control and adjust internal envoirnment
88
Q

what are the different classification of skeletal muscles

A

According to architechture
According to colour
According to action
According to mode of attachment

89
Q

describe classification of muscles according to architecture

A

Muscles with parallel fibres

Quadilateral - thyrohyoid
Strap shaped -rectus abdominis
Fusiform/spindle shaped – biceps brachii

Muscles with oblique fibres

Triangular  broad origin
e.g Temporalis, pectoralis major
Pennate  feather like
Obliquely attached to tendon
Types are unipennate, bipennate, multi-pennate
Radial circumpennate
Fibre originate from wall of cylindrical outer facial  convey to central tendon e.g muscles of eye

Spiral Muscles :
	Twist with muscles (e.g latismus dorsi) or muscle spiral around bone (e.g supinator)

Cruciate Muscles :
    Muscles arranged in two planes which cross each other
e.g Sternocleidomastoid

 Circular Muscles :
e.g Orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris

Convergant Muscles :
e.g Sartorius

89
Q

describe classification of muscles according to architecture

A

Muscles with parallel fibres

Quadilateral - thyrohyoid
Strap shaped -rectus abdominis
Fusiform/spindle shaped – biceps brachii

Muscles with oblique fibres

Triangular  broad origin
e.g Temporalis, pectoralis major
Pennate  feather like
Obliquely attached to tendon
Types are unipennate, bipennate, multi-pennate
Radial circumpennate
Fibre originate from wall of cylindrical outer facial  convey to central tendon e.g muscles of eye

Spiral Muscles :
	Twist with muscles (e.g latismus dorsi) or muscle spiral around bone (e.g supinator)

Cruciate Muscles :
    Muscles arranged in two planes which cross each other
e.g Sternocleidomastoid

 Circular Muscles :
e.g Orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris

Convergant Muscles :
e.g Sartorius

90
Q

describe classification of muscles according to colour

A

Red muscles
Red colour due to increased mitochondria, myoglobin, vascularity

White muscle
White colour due to decreased mitochondria, myoglobin, vascularity

91
Q

describe classification of muscles according to action

A

Agonist
prime mover

Antagonist
action opposite to the agonist

Stabilizers
fixate or stabilize the joint

Synergists
assist or guiding

92
Q

describe the parts of muscles and their characteristics

A 
Origin
proximal attachment
least moveable end
closest to the midline of the body
    Insertion
distal attachment
most moveable end
furthest from the midline of the body
Belly 
    Action
The movement at the joint when the muscle(s) contract
93
Q

describe the different types of muscle contraction

A

Concentric contraction
Length of muscle shortens
Muscle force is greater than the resistance
If lifting 50 pounds and the muscle generates more than 50 pounds the muscle with shorten and move the weight.

Static or Isometric contraction
No change in muscle length
Muscle force is equal to the resistance
Lifting 50 pounds and the muscle generates 50 pounds of force

Eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens
Muscle force is less than the resistance
Lowering 50 pounds and the muscle generates less than 50 pounds

94
Q

what is muscle spasm, its properties and cause

A

Amuscle spasmis a sudden, involuntary contraction of one or moremuscles.

Aspasmresults from an abnormally sustainedmusclecontraction

It is often painful

95
Q

what are the causes of muscle spasm

A 
Dehydration
Hypocalcemia
Depleted level of sodium, potassium and magnesium
Depleted carbohydrates level
Vitamin deffeciencies
Poor blood circulation
96
Q

what is somatic nervous system

A

Relay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous system
You consciously control this pathway
Contains sensory & motor neurons

97
Q

describe autonomic nervous system

A

Relay information from central nervous system to organs
Involuntary: You do not consciously control these

Sympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight response

Parasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest

CBA- 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions