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Anatomy Semester 2 > General Abdomen Canine, Equine, Bovine G.I. Tracts > Flashcards

General Abdomen Canine, Equine, Bovine G.I. Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas

A
  • Production of insulin, glucagon and gastrin
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2
Q

Location fo the descending duodenum

A
  • Right Side from 4th to 6th lumbar vertebrae
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3
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct

A
  • Enters the minor duodenal papillae
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4
Q

Tissue Layers of the Esophagus:

A

Outer Layer: - Loose connective tissue in the neck - Serosa in the thorax and abdomen Muscular Layer: - Striated muscle fibers ** Cat, Pig, and Horse have areas of smooth muscle as well**

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5
Q

Parietal Surface of the Liver

A
  • Towards the diaphragm
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6
Q

Major Duodenal Papillae

A
  • Entry point of the bile duct and pancreatic duct in the descending duodenum
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7
Q

Overall Role of the Small Intestine:

A

Digestion and Absorption - Provides peristalsis - Adds secretions to the ingesta - Absorbs parts of the final product of digestion

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8
Q

Ileum:

A
  • Terminal portion of the small intestine - Passes cranially and on the right side of the root of the mesentery - Short - Hard to distinguish from jejunum (look for the portion with the ileocecal fold) - Ileocolic orifice- where it joins the ascending colon
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9
Q

Serous Membranes of Peritoneum

A
  • Thin layers of loose connective tissue - Covered by a layer of mesothelium
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10
Q

Location where digestion is initiated:

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Cranial superficial epigastric a. & v.

A
  • Supply and drain the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the abdominal wall - Branch off of the cranial epigastric a.
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12
Q

Pyloric Canal

A
  • Joins the pyloric antrum and the pyloric sphincter
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13
Q

Parts of the Simple Stomach:

A
  • Cardiac part - Fundus - Body - Pyloric Part
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14
Q

Location and function of the Gallbladder

A
  • Function is bile storage
  • Located between the quadrate lobe and the right medial lobe
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15
Q

Lesser Omentum

A
  • Peritoneum connecting the stomach to the liver
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16
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall:

A
  • External abdominal oblique m.
  • Internal abdominal oblique m.
  • Transversus abdominis m.
  • Rectus abdominis m.
  • Linea alba
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17
Q

Ascending colon

A
  • Lies on the right of the root of the mesentery
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18
Q

Location of the start of Jejunum

A
  • At the left of the root of the mesentery
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19
Q

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes:

A
  • Lie along the vessels in the mesentery near the jejunum
  • Usually covered by fat
  • Lie closer to the root of the mesentery (more on the narrower part) in the dog
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20
Q

Components of the Small Intestine:

A
  • Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum
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21
Q

Superficial Leaf of the Greater Omentum

A
  • Expands off the greater omentum - Attaches to the ventral body wall
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22
Q

Colon

A
  • Slightly wider than the small intestine
  • Located dorsally in the abdomen
  • Suspended by mesocolon
  • Courses cranial to the root of the mesentery
  • Ascending colon - Right colic flexure - Transverse colon - Left colic flexure - Descending colon
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23
Q

Pyloric Sphincter:

A
  • Controls the outflow from the pyloric part
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24
Q

Blood supply to Jejunum:

A
  • Cranial mesenteric artery - Located in the root of the mesentery
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25
Q

Falciform Ligament

A
  • Fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the diaphragm - Attached to the liver between the left medial and quadrate lobes
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26
Q

What is the purpose of mucus secretions in the duodenum?

A
  • Buffers the ingesta - Prevents ulcerations
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27
Q

Location of the Kidneys in reference to the Abdominal Cavity

A
  • Kidneys are retroperitoneal - They are not in the abdominal cavity - They are covered by parietal peritoneum though
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28
Q

Ileocecal fold

A
  • Indirectly connects the cecum to the ileum
  • Location where jejunum turns into ileum
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29
Q

Ileocolic orifice

A
  • Location where ileum joins the ascending colon
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30
Q

Deep Leaf of the Greater Omentum

A
  • Folds off of the superficial leaf - Directly adjacent to the abdominal organs - Encloses the pancreas dorsally
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31
Q

Fundus of the Stomach

A
  • Dome shaped blind area - Located left and dorsal to the cardiac part (against the liver) - Along the greater curvature ** Secretes mucus, HCL, and proteolytic enzymes** - Directly bound to the left crus of the diaphragm via the gastrophrenic ligament
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32
Q

Empty Simple Stomach (Location):

A
  • Completely hidden from palpation - Covered by the liver and diaphragm cranioventrally - Covered by intestines caudally - More V-shaped - Greater curvature faces ventrally, caudally and to the left - Lesser curvature is strongly curved around the papillary process of the liver - Lesser curvature faces craniodorsally and to the right
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33
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A
  • Serous membrane that lines the body walls and needs to be opened to incise the peritoneal cavity
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34
Q

Bile Duct

A
  • Cystic Ducts + Hepatic Ducts

Enters via Major duodenal papillae

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35
Q

Location of the pylorus (normal conditions)

A
  • Right of midline
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36
Q

Attachment of the Mesenteries in the Horse:

A
  • Dorsally at the root of the mesentery at L1
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37
Q

What is secreted in the cardia?

A
  • Secretion of mucus
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38
Q

Cranial Duodenal Flexure:

A
  • Turns towards the pelvis - Passes to the right at ICS #9
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39
Q

Attachment of the Peritoneum

A
  • Dorsal attachment at the root of the mesentery
    • L2 Dog and Cow
    • L1 Horse
  • Has large amounts of fat storage
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40
Q

Bile Storage Location

A
  • Gallbladder stores bile
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41
Q

Omentum

A

A peritoneal structure associated with the stomach - Greater Omentum - Lesser Omentum

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42
Q

Epiploic Foramen

A
  • Area of entry into the omental bursa without tearing it - Between the caudate process of the liver, ventral to the caudal vena cava & dorsal to the portal vein
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43
Q

Hepatic Ducts

A
  • Collect bile produced in each of the lobes of the liver
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44
Q

Parts of the Duodenum:

A
  • Cranial part of the duodenum (very short in the dog) - Cranial duodenal flexure - Descending duodenum - Caudal duodenal flexure - Ascending duodenum - Duodenojejunal flexure
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45
Q

Greater curvature of the Stomach

A
  • Faces to the left and ventrally (towards the spleen) - Location where the greater omentum attaches
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46
Q

Visceral Surface of the Liver

A
  • Left side stomach and sometimes spleen - Right side to pancreas, right kidney and duodenum - Ventral side to the greater omentum
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47
Q

Location of the Spleen:

A
  • Lies in the superficial leaf of the greater omentum, left of median plane - Lies along the greater curvature of the stomach - Gastrosplenic ligament ** Lies on the left in all species**
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48
Q

Which species lacks a gallbladder?

A
  • The horse
49
Q

Cecocolic Orifice

A
  • Location where the cecum communicates with the ascending colon
50
Q

Duodenum begins at:

A
  • The pylorus, to the right of the median plane - Courses slightly dorsocranially
51
Q

Cystic Duct

A
  • Comes from the gallbladder
52
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A
  • Serous membrane directly lining the organs of the abdominal cavity - Thus, no organs within the peritoneal cavity because all are lined by visceral peritoneum ** On organs**
53
Q

Pancreatic ducts

A
  • Enter the major duodenal papillae with the bile duct
54
Q

Left Colic Flexure

A
  • Bend between the transverse colon & descending colon
55
Q

Caudal Duodenal Flexure:

A

Turns left

56
Q

Aortic Hiatus

A
  • Location where the descending aorta passes from the diaphragm to the abdomen
  • Between the left and right crura of the diaphragm
57
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity - Covers the organs and the abdominal wall
58
Q

Reference point Abdomen

A

Portion of the trunk that lies caudal to the diaphragm

59
Q

Jejunum

A
  • Coiled loops of small intestine
  • Begins left of the root of the mesentery
  • Majority of the small intestine
  • Occupies the ventral portion of the abdomen
  • Loose mesentery allows for movement
  • Tighter attachments at the beginning and at the end
60
Q

Liver locations by species:

A

Dog: On mid-line

Cow: All on the right side, Rumen takes up the left side

Horse: - Majority on the right side

61
Q

Lobes of the Liver (6):

A
  • Left lateral lobe (left triangular ligament) - Left medial lobe - Quadrate lobe - Right medial lobe - Right lateral lobe (right triangular ligament) - Caudate lobe (Papillary process and caudate process)
62
Q

Location where esophagus enters the abdomen

A
  • Through the esophageal hiatus at the diaphragm - Follows along the dorsal border of the liver to the stomach
63
Q

Pyloric Part of the Stomach

A
  • Distal 1/3 of the stomach as measured along the lesser curvature *** Secretes Mucus*** - Pyloric antrum - Pyloric canal - Pyloric sphincter
64
Q

Normal Location of the Stomach

A
  • Left side between ribs 9-12 - Body and fundus can distend with food - Food in the stomach moves from the left side of the animal to the right
65
Q

Layers of the Stomach:

A

Outer to Inner: - Serosa or Visceral peritoneum - Smooth Muscle - Submucosa (forms ruggae) - Mucosa (gastric pits)

66
Q

Serous membranes of the Peritoneal Cavity (3)

A
  • Parietal Peritoneum - Visceral Peritoneum - Connecting peritoneum
67
Q

Hilus of the Spleen

A
  • Neurovascular supply to the spleen
68
Q

What is secreted in the pyloric part?

A

Secretion of mucus

69
Q

Attachment of the the Mesenteries in the Dog:

A
  • Dorsally at the root of the mesentery at L2
70
Q

Mesenteries:

A
  • Folds connecting the parietal and visceral parts of peritoneum - Name each mesentery based on the organ its connecting (mesocolon, mesoduodenum)
71
Q

Fixed position of the cardia in the simple stomach

A
  • Located at intercostal space #9
72
Q

Cecum (Dog)

A
  • Short, small, S-shaped tube - Located to the right of the median plane at the junction of the ileum and the colon - No direct connection to the ileum
73
Q

Pyloric Antrum:

A
  • initial thin walled portion of the pyloric part of the stomach
74
Q

Species diversity in the Stomach:

A

Dog: - Simple stomach, short intestine Cow: - Forestomach Fermentation Horse: - Hindgut fermentation - Large cecum and colon

75
Q

Median Ligament of the Bladder

A
  • Developmental remnant of umbilical arteries
76
Q

Mesenteries

A

Series of double folds connecting the parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum

77
Q

Left lobe of the pancreas

A
  • Extends towards the spleen within the greater omentum
78
Q

Body of the Stomach

A
  • Large middle portion
79
Q

Lesser curvature of the Stomach

A
  • Faces mainly to the right
80
Q

Cutaneous nerves of the abdomen (L1 - L4)

A
  • Run in an caudoventral pattern - Supply the ventral and ventrolateral parts of the abdominal wall - Seen at the vertebrae themselves
81
Q

Minor Duodenal Papillae

A
  • Entry point into the duodenum for the accessory pancreatic duct
82
Q

Overall Role of the Large Intestine:

A
  • Water resorption - Fermentation (hind gut fermenters) - Cecum (blind sac)
83
Q

What is secreted in the fundus?

A
  • Secretion mucus
  • HCL
  • Proteolytic enzymes
84
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Most fixed part of the small intestine - Attached to the abdominal roof by the mesoduodenum (Duodenum to abdominal wall) - Secretes mucus to buffer the ingesta - Site of entry for the pancreatic ducts and the bile duct
85
Q

Ascending Duodenum:

A
  • Short and lies to the left of the root of the mesentery - Travels back up towards the head - Terminates as the Duodenojejunal flexure (Change from very regular and smooth tube, to a very coiled jejunum)
86
Q

Round Ligament of the Liver

A
  • Developmental remnant of the umbilical vein
87
Q

Species that has a ridiculously strong lower esophageal sphincter

A

Horse - Impossible to vomit

88
Q

What is the abdominal cavity composed of?

A
  • Muscles of the abdominal wall - Ribs - Diaphragm
89
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A
  • Closed space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum - Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity - Contains a small amount of fluid - Completely enclosed in the male
90
Q

Full Simple Stomach (Location):

A
  • Lies in contact with the ventral abdominal wall - Protrudes beyond the costal arches - Displaces the intestinal mass
91
Q

Duodenalcolic fold

A
  • Connects the caudal duodenal flexure to the descending colon
92
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A
  • Production of digestive juices - Digestive juices enter the duodenum via ducts
93
Q

Sphincters of the Esophagus:

A

Cranial Sphincter: Upper Esophagus Lower Esophageal Sphincter: - AKA Cardiac sphincter - Located at the junction of the stomach

94
Q

Location of the Root of the Mesentery

A
  • L2
    • Cow and Dog
  • L1
    • Horse
95
Q

Cardiac Part/ Cardia of the Simple Stomach (Horses and Dogs)

A
  • Smallest part of the stomach - Location where the esophagus enters into the stomach\ - Narrow area *** Secretes Mucus**
96
Q

Peritonitis refers to:

A
  • Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
  • Inflamed serous membrane
  • Adhesions can occur
  • Fluid accumulation via bacterial or fungal infection that shouldn’t be there
97
Q

Gastrosplenic Ligament

A
  • Attaches the spleen to the stomach - Attachment via the greater omentum to the hilus of the spleen - Blood Supply
98
Q

Surfaces of the Simple Stomach

A

Parietal Surface: - Faces the liver Visceral Surface: - Faces the intestines, pancreas and greater omentum

99
Q

Location of the ascending duodenum:

A
  • Left Side near the root of the mesentery
100
Q

Components of the Large Intestine:

A
  • Cecum - Colon - Rectum
101
Q

What organ produces bile and how does it get released?

A
  • Liver produces bile - Released through hepatic ducts that merge into a bile duct
102
Q

Right lobe of the pancreas

A
  • Follows the descending duodenum
103
Q

Descending colon

A
  • At start, lies left of the root of the mesentery
104
Q

Cranial epigastric a. & v.

A
  • Supplies the ventral abdominal wall - Arises lateral to the sternum near ICS 8 - Passes caudally on deep side of rectus abdominis m. - Anastomosis with branches of caudal epigastric a.
105
Q

What is the purpose of ruggae in the submucosal layer of the stomach?

A
  • These general folds in the stomach increase the surface area to aid in digestion
106
Q

Parts of the Caudate lobe of the liver

A
  • Papillary process (lies in the lesser curvature of the stomach) - Caudate process
107
Q

Greater Omentum

A
  • First structure seen after reflecting the abdominal wall - Attachment that expands and folds - Covers the intestines - Lace-like with depositions of fat along the vessels - Attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach Associated Structures: - Superficial leaf - Deep leaf - Omental bursa - Epiploic foramen
108
Q

Right Colic Flexure

A
  • Bend between the ascending colon & the transverse colon
109
Q

Peritoneal Sac

A

Contents of the abdominal and peritoneal cavities - Stomach - Small & Large Intestines - Associated liver & pancreas - Spleen - Kidneys - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra - Parts of the reproductive tract - Adrenal Glands

110
Q

Transverse colon

A
  • Lies cranial to the root of the mesentery
111
Q

Descending duodenum

A
  • Continues on the right from 4-6th lumbar vertebrae
112
Q

Projection of the fundus (normal conditions)

A
  • Dorsal and to the left
113
Q

Functions of the Spleen:

A
  • Stores blood - Removes particulate matter from circulation - Destroys old and worn-out RBC’s - Produces lymphocytes
114
Q

Jejunal Arcades:

A
  • Anastamoses of the jejunal and ileal arteries
115
Q

Liver

A
  • Located in the most cranial portion of the abdomen - Parietal and visceral surface - 6 lobes - Almost all covered by the ribcage - Located directly behind the diaphragm - Protein metabolism - Carbohydrate metabolism - Fat metabolism - Bile production
116
Q

Parts of the Esophagus

A
  • Brings food to the abdomen
  • Cervical part
  • Thoracic part
  • Abdominal part
117
Q

Omental Bursa

A
  • Cavity between the superficial leaf and the deep leaf
118
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Small, associated with the duodenum - Nestles close to the cranial flexure of the duodenum - Composed of a body and 2 lobes (L & R) - Right lobe lies dorsomedial to the descending duodenum - Exocrine and endocrine function
119
Q

Esophageal Hiatus

A
  • Location where the esophagus enters the abdomen

Anatomy Semester 2 (5 decks)

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