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Anatomy Semester 2 > General Abdomen Canine, Equine, Bovine G.I. Tracts > Flashcards

General Abdomen Canine, Equine, Bovine G.I. Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas

A
  • Production of insulin, glucagon and gastrin
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2
Q

Location fo the descending duodenum

A
  • Right Side from 4th to 6th lumbar vertebrae
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3
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct

A
  • Enters the minor duodenal papillae
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4
Q

Tissue Layers of the Esophagus:

A

Outer Layer: - Loose connective tissue in the neck - Serosa in the thorax and abdomen Muscular Layer: - Striated muscle fibers ** Cat, Pig, and Horse have areas of smooth muscle as well**

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5
Q

Parietal Surface of the Liver

A
  • Towards the diaphragm
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6
Q

Major Duodenal Papillae

A
  • Entry point of the bile duct and pancreatic duct in the descending duodenum
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7
Q

Overall Role of the Small Intestine:

A

Digestion and Absorption - Provides peristalsis - Adds secretions to the ingesta - Absorbs parts of the final product of digestion

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8
Q

Ileum:

A
  • Terminal portion of the small intestine - Passes cranially and on the right side of the root of the mesentery - Short - Hard to distinguish from jejunum (look for the portion with the ileocecal fold) - Ileocolic orifice- where it joins the ascending colon
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9
Q

Serous Membranes of Peritoneum

A
  • Thin layers of loose connective tissue - Covered by a layer of mesothelium
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10
Q

Location where digestion is initiated:

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Cranial superficial epigastric a. & v.

A
  • Supply and drain the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the abdominal wall - Branch off of the cranial epigastric a.
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12
Q

Pyloric Canal

A
  • Joins the pyloric antrum and the pyloric sphincter
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13
Q

Parts of the Simple Stomach:

A
  • Cardiac part - Fundus - Body - Pyloric Part
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14
Q

Location and function of the Gallbladder

A
  • Function is bile storage
  • Located between the quadrate lobe and the right medial lobe
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15
Q

Lesser Omentum

A
  • Peritoneum connecting the stomach to the liver
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16
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall:

A
  • External abdominal oblique m.
  • Internal abdominal oblique m.
  • Transversus abdominis m.
  • Rectus abdominis m.
  • Linea alba
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17
Q

Ascending colon

A
  • Lies on the right of the root of the mesentery
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18
Q

Location of the start of Jejunum

A
  • At the left of the root of the mesentery
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19
Q

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes:

A
  • Lie along the vessels in the mesentery near the jejunum
  • Usually covered by fat
  • Lie closer to the root of the mesentery (more on the narrower part) in the dog
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20
Q

Components of the Small Intestine:

A
  • Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum
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21
Q

Superficial Leaf of the Greater Omentum

A
  • Expands off the greater omentum - Attaches to the ventral body wall
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22
Q

Colon

A
  • Slightly wider than the small intestine
  • Located dorsally in the abdomen
  • Suspended by mesocolon
  • Courses cranial to the root of the mesentery
  • Ascending colon - Right colic flexure - Transverse colon - Left colic flexure - Descending colon
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23
Q

Pyloric Sphincter:

A
  • Controls the outflow from the pyloric part
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24
Q

Blood supply to Jejunum:

A
  • Cranial mesenteric artery - Located in the root of the mesentery
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25
Falciform Ligament
- Fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the diaphragm - Attached to the liver between the left medial and quadrate lobes
26
What is the purpose of mucus secretions in the duodenum?
- Buffers the ingesta - Prevents ulcerations
27
Location of the Kidneys in reference to the Abdominal Cavity
- Kidneys are retroperitoneal - They are not in the abdominal cavity - They are covered by parietal peritoneum though
28
**Ileocecal fold**
* Indirectly connects the cecum to the ileum * Location where jejunum turns into ileum
29
**Ileocolic orifice**
* Location where ileum joins the ascending colon
30
Deep Leaf of the Greater Omentum
- Folds off of the superficial leaf - Directly adjacent to the abdominal organs - Encloses the pancreas dorsally
31
Fundus of the Stomach
- Dome shaped blind area - Located left and dorsal to the cardiac part (against the liver) - Along the greater curvature \*\* Secretes mucus, HCL, and proteolytic enzymes\*\* - Directly bound to the left crus of the diaphragm via the gastrophrenic ligament
32
Empty Simple Stomach (Location):
- Completely hidden from palpation - Covered by the liver and diaphragm cranioventrally - Covered by intestines caudally - More V-shaped - Greater curvature faces ventrally, caudally and to the left - Lesser curvature is strongly curved around the papillary process of the liver - Lesser curvature faces craniodorsally and to the right
33
Parietal Peritoneum
- Serous membrane that lines the body walls and needs to be opened to incise the peritoneal cavity
34
**Bile Duct**
- Cystic Ducts + Hepatic Ducts Enters via Major duodenal papillae
35
Location of the pylorus (normal conditions)
- Right of midline
36
Attachment of the Mesenteries in the Horse:
- Dorsally at the root of the mesentery at L1
37
**What is secreted in the cardia?**
* Secretion of mucus
38
Cranial Duodenal Flexure:
- Turns towards the pelvis - Passes to the right at ICS #9
39
**Attachment of the Peritoneum**
* Dorsal attachment at the root of the mesentery * L2 Dog and Cow * L1 Horse * Has large amounts of fat storage
40
Bile Storage Location
- Gallbladder stores bile
41
Omentum
A peritoneal structure associated with the stomach - Greater Omentum - Lesser Omentum
42
Epiploic Foramen
- Area of entry into the omental bursa without tearing it - Between the caudate process of the liver, ventral to the caudal vena cava & dorsal to the portal vein
43
Hepatic Ducts
- Collect bile produced in each of the lobes of the liver
44
Parts of the Duodenum:
- Cranial part of the duodenum (very short in the dog) - Cranial duodenal flexure - Descending duodenum - Caudal duodenal flexure - Ascending duodenum - Duodenojejunal flexure
45
Greater curvature of the Stomach
- Faces to the left and ventrally (towards the spleen) - Location where the greater omentum attaches
46
Visceral Surface of the Liver
- Left side stomach and sometimes spleen - Right side to pancreas, right kidney and duodenum - Ventral side to the greater omentum
47
Location of the Spleen:
- Lies in the superficial leaf of the greater omentum, left of median plane - Lies along the greater curvature of the stomach - Gastrosplenic ligament \*\* Lies on the left in all species\*\*
48
Which species lacks a gallbladder?
- The horse
49
Cecocolic Orifice
- Location where the cecum communicates with the ascending colon
50
Duodenum begins at:
- The pylorus, to the right of the median plane - Courses slightly dorsocranially
51
**Cystic Duct**
* Comes from the gallbladder
52
Visceral Peritoneum
- Serous membrane directly lining the organs of the abdominal cavity - Thus, no organs within the peritoneal cavity because all are lined by visceral peritoneum \*\* On organs\*\*
53
Pancreatic ducts
- Enter the major duodenal papillae with the bile duct
54
**Left Colic Flexure**
* Bend between the transverse colon & descending colon
55
Caudal Duodenal Flexure:
Turns left
56
**Aortic Hiatus**
* Location where the descending aorta passes from the diaphragm to the abdomen * Between the left and right crura of the diaphragm
57
Peritoneum
- Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity - Covers the organs and the abdominal wall
58
Reference point Abdomen
Portion of the trunk that lies caudal to the diaphragm
59
**Jejunum**
* Coiled loops of small intestine * Begins left of the root of the mesentery * Majority of the small intestine * Occupies the ventral portion of the abdomen * Loose mesentery allows for movement * Tighter attachments at the beginning and at the end
60
**Liver locations by species:**
Dog: On mid-line Cow: All on the right side, Rumen takes up the left side Horse: - Majority on the right side
61
Lobes of the Liver (6):
- Left lateral lobe (left triangular ligament) - Left medial lobe - Quadrate lobe - Right medial lobe - Right lateral lobe (right triangular ligament) - Caudate lobe (Papillary process and caudate process)
62
Location where esophagus enters the abdomen
- Through the esophageal hiatus at the diaphragm - Follows along the dorsal border of the liver to the stomach
63
Pyloric Part of the Stomach
- Distal 1/3 of the stomach as measured along the lesser curvature \*\*\* Secretes Mucus\*\*\* - Pyloric antrum - Pyloric canal - Pyloric sphincter
64
Normal Location of the Stomach
- Left side between ribs 9-12 - Body and fundus can distend with food - Food in the stomach moves from the left side of the animal to the right
65
Layers of the Stomach:
Outer to Inner: - Serosa or Visceral peritoneum - Smooth Muscle - Submucosa (forms ruggae) - Mucosa (gastric pits)
66
Serous membranes of the Peritoneal Cavity (3)
- Parietal Peritoneum - Visceral Peritoneum - Connecting peritoneum
67
Hilus of the Spleen
- Neurovascular supply to the spleen
68
What is secreted in the pyloric part?
Secretion of mucus
69
Attachment of the the Mesenteries in the Dog:
- Dorsally at the root of the mesentery at L2
70
Mesenteries:
- Folds connecting the parietal and visceral parts of peritoneum - Name each mesentery based on the organ its connecting (mesocolon, mesoduodenum)
71
**Fixed position of the cardia in the simple stomach**
* Located at intercostal space #9
72
Cecum (Dog)
- Short, small, S-shaped tube - Located to the right of the median plane at the junction of the ileum and the colon - No direct connection to the ileum
73
Pyloric Antrum:
- initial thin walled portion of the pyloric part of the stomach
74
Species diversity in the Stomach:
Dog: - Simple stomach, short intestine Cow: - Forestomach Fermentation Horse: - Hindgut fermentation - Large cecum and colon
75
Median Ligament of the Bladder
- Developmental remnant of umbilical arteries
76
Mesenteries
Series of double folds connecting the parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum
77
Left lobe of the pancreas
- Extends towards the spleen within the greater omentum
78
Body of the Stomach
- Large middle portion
79
Lesser curvature of the Stomach
- Faces mainly to the right
80
Cutaneous nerves of the abdomen (L1 - L4)
- Run in an caudoventral pattern - Supply the ventral and ventrolateral parts of the abdominal wall - Seen at the vertebrae themselves
81
Minor Duodenal Papillae
- Entry point into the duodenum for the accessory pancreatic duct
82
Overall Role of the Large Intestine:
- Water resorption - Fermentation (hind gut fermenters) - Cecum (blind sac)
83
**What is secreted in the fundus?**
* Secretion mucus * HCL * Proteolytic enzymes
84
Duodenum
- Most fixed part of the small intestine - Attached to the abdominal roof by the mesoduodenum (Duodenum to abdominal wall) - Secretes mucus to buffer the ingesta - Site of entry for the pancreatic ducts and the bile duct
85
Ascending Duodenum:
- Short and lies to the left of the root of the mesentery - Travels back up towards the head - Terminates as the Duodenojejunal flexure (Change from very regular and smooth tube, to a very coiled jejunum)
86
Round Ligament of the Liver
- Developmental remnant of the umbilical vein
87
**Species that has a ridiculously strong lower esophageal sphincter**
Horse - Impossible to vomit
88
What is the abdominal cavity composed of?
- Muscles of the abdominal wall - Ribs - Diaphragm
89
Peritoneal cavity
- Closed space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum - Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity - Contains a small amount of fluid - Completely enclosed in the male
90
Full Simple Stomach (Location):
- Lies in contact with the ventral abdominal wall - Protrudes beyond the costal arches - Displaces the intestinal mass
91
Duodenalcolic fold
- Connects the caudal duodenal flexure to the descending colon
92
Exocrine function of the pancreas
- Production of digestive juices - Digestive juices enter the duodenum via ducts
93
Sphincters of the Esophagus:
Cranial Sphincter: Upper Esophagus Lower Esophageal Sphincter: - AKA Cardiac sphincter - Located at the junction of the stomach
94
**Location of the Root of the Mesentery**
* L2 * Cow and Dog * L1 * Horse
95
Cardiac Part/ Cardia of the Simple Stomach (Horses and Dogs)
- Smallest part of the stomach - Location where the esophagus enters into the stomach\ - Narrow area \*\*\* Secretes Mucus\*\*
96
**Peritonitis refers to:**
* Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity * Inflamed serous membrane * Adhesions can occur * Fluid accumulation via bacterial or fungal infection that shouldn't be there
97
Gastrosplenic Ligament
- Attaches the spleen to the stomach - Attachment via the greater omentum to the hilus of the spleen - Blood Supply
98
Surfaces of the Simple Stomach
Parietal Surface: - Faces the liver Visceral Surface: - Faces the intestines, pancreas and greater omentum
99
Location of the ascending duodenum:
- Left Side near the root of the mesentery
100
Components of the Large Intestine:
- Cecum - Colon - Rectum
101
What organ produces bile and how does it get released?
- Liver produces bile - Released through hepatic ducts that merge into a bile duct
102
**Right lobe of the pancreas**
* Follows the descending duodenum
103
Descending colon
- At start, lies left of the root of the mesentery
104
Cranial epigastric a. & v.
- Supplies the ventral abdominal wall - Arises lateral to the sternum near ICS 8 - Passes caudally on deep side of rectus abdominis m. - Anastomosis with branches of caudal epigastric a.
105
What is the purpose of ruggae in the submucosal layer of the stomach?
- These general folds in the stomach increase the surface area to aid in digestion
106
Parts of the Caudate lobe of the liver
- Papillary process (lies in the lesser curvature of the stomach) - Caudate process
107
Greater Omentum
- First structure seen after reflecting the abdominal wall - Attachment that expands and folds - Covers the intestines - Lace-like with depositions of fat along the vessels - Attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach Associated Structures: - Superficial leaf - Deep leaf - Omental bursa - Epiploic foramen
108
Right Colic Flexure
- Bend between the ascending colon & the transverse colon
109
Peritoneal Sac
Contents of the abdominal and peritoneal cavities - Stomach - Small & Large Intestines - Associated liver & pancreas - Spleen - Kidneys - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra - Parts of the reproductive tract - Adrenal Glands
110
Transverse colon
- Lies cranial to the root of the mesentery
111
Descending duodenum
- Continues on the right from 4-6th lumbar vertebrae
112
Projection of the fundus (normal conditions)
- Dorsal and to the left
113
Functions of the Spleen:
- Stores blood - Removes particulate matter from circulation - Destroys old and worn-out RBC's - Produces lymphocytes
114
**Jejunal Arcades:**
* Anastamoses of the jejunal and ileal arteries
115
Liver
- Located in the most cranial portion of the abdomen - Parietal and visceral surface - 6 lobes - Almost all covered by the ribcage - Located directly behind the diaphragm - Protein metabolism - Carbohydrate metabolism - Fat metabolism - Bile production
116
**Parts of the Esophagus**
* Brings food to the abdomen * Cervical part * Thoracic part * Abdominal part
117
**Omental Bursa**
- Cavity between the superficial leaf and the deep leaf
118
Pancreas
- Small, associated with the duodenum - Nestles close to the cranial flexure of the duodenum - Composed of a body and 2 lobes (L & R) - Right lobe lies dorsomedial to the descending duodenum - Exocrine and endocrine function
119
Esophageal Hiatus
- Location where the esophagus enters the abdomen

Anatomy Semester 2 (5 decks)

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