Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Pediatric age classifications:

A

1st month = neonate
1-12 months = infant
1-3 years = toddler
3-5 years = pre-schooler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) regarding breastfeeding?

A

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has
recommended exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life and continuation of breastfeeding for the second 6 months as optimum nutrition in infancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the stages of breastfeeding?

A 
Lactogenesis I (2nd trimester - 2 days postpartum): 
Stimulation of milk secretion by prolactin 
Lactogenesis II (3-8 days postpartum): 
Reduction of progesterone, large amount of milk

Galactopoiesis (9 days postpartum - involution):
Maintenance of milk secretion

Involution:
Loss of secretory milk function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some triggers of milk secretion (let-down reflex)?

A
  1. Stimulation of the nipple
  2. Sight
  3. Sound
  4. Emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the stages of lactation?

A
  1. Colostrum (immunologic & trophic function)
  2. Transitional milk (for nutritional & developmental needs)
  3. Mature milk (foremilk & hindmilk)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of protein in human milk?

A
  1. Casein proteins (30%)

2. Whey proteins (70%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which type of protein found in human milk forms curds in acidic media and which is resistant to acid precipitation?

A

Forms curds = casein

Resistant to acid precipitation = whey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which type of protein found in human milk is digested more easily and promotes gastric emptying?

A

Whey protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the components of whey protein found in human milk?

A

Alpha lactoalbumin
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Secretory IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of fatty acids is mostly found in human milk?

A

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid & alpha-linoleic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What component in human milk is related specifically to the composition of neural and retinal tissue?

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the major carbohydrate in human milk?

A

Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are helpful molecules found in human milk?

A 
Oligosaccharides 
Mucins 
Lactoferrin 
Bifidus factor (lacrobacillus bifidus)
Interferon 
Fibronectin 
Lysozyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the cellular factors in human milk?

A

Leukocytes
Neutrophils (50%)
Macrophages (40%)
Lymphocytes (10%): B = 20% & T = 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the enzymes that are found in human milk?

A

Lipase
Amylase
Catalase
Protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the hormones that are found in human milk?

A

Prolactin

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the growth factors that found in human milk?

A

Insulin-like growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The formation of Harrison sulcus is due to the deficiency of?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The formation of echymosis is due to the deficiency of?

A

Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Breastfeeding reduces the risk of what type cancer?

A

Breast and ovarian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are contraindications to breastfeeding?

A
  1. Metabolic diseases (galactosemia & phenylketonuria)
  2. +ve for human T-cell lymphocytic circus type I or II
  3. Untreated brucellosis
  4. Active infectious untreated TB
  5. Active herpes simplex lesions on breast
  6. Varicella 5 days before to 2 days after delivery (should be separated from their infants)
  7. H1N1 influenza (till afebrile)
  8. HIV +ve mothers (not in developing countries)
  9. Syphilis (should restart breastfeeding after initiating therapy)
  10. Maternal medications: amphetamine, chemotherapy & immunosuppressive agents, ergotamines and street drugs (PCP, cocaine, cannabis)
  11. Exposure to diagnostic radioactive compounds (temporary cessation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most objective indicator of the adequacy of breastfeeding?

A

Weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the recommended frequency of breastfeeding?

A

Newborns: every 1-2 hrs (8-10 feeds/day)
1 month: every 2-3 hrs
2-4 months: every 4 hrs
4 months - 1 year: 3-4 feeds/day

24
Q

What is the type of fat that is mostly found in protein hydrolysate formulas?

A

Medium chain triglycerides

25
Q

What type of formula should be given to infants who have renal or cardiovascular dysfunction?

A

Low-solute formula

26
Q

What type of formula should be given to infants with inborn errors of metabolism?

A

Amino acid based formulas

27
Q

When is the recommended time to introduce solid feedings?

A

6 months

28
Q

Anthropometrics (weight)

A

At birth = 3-3.5 kg
At 4 m = 6-7 kg (doubles)
At 1 year = 9-10 kg (triples)
After 1 year = (age in years x 2) + 8

29
Q

What is the most common cause of low birth weight?

A

Prematurity

30
Q

What is the most common cause of large birth weight?

A

GDM (mother)

31
Q

Anthropometrics (height)

A 
At birth = 50cm 
1st 6 m = (+2.5 cm/month)
2nd 6 m = (+1.25 cm/month)
At 1 year = 75 cm 
After 1 year = (age in years x 5) + 80
32
Q

Anthropometrics (head circumference)

A 
At birth = 35 cm 
At 6 m = 43 cm 
At 1 year = 47 cm 
(Total so far is an increase by 12 cm)
At 2 years = 49 cm (+2)
At 5 years = 50 cm (+1) 
At 12 years = 55 cm (+5)
33
Q

Anthropometrics (mid arm circumference)

A

(Valid in the first 4 years of life only)

Normal = 12-14 cm
Impending malnutrition = 10-12 cm
Established malnutrition = 9-10 cm
Severe malnutrition = < 9 cm

34
Q

When do the carpal bones ossify?

A

1st carpal bone ossifies at 6 months.
2nd carpal bone ossifies at the end of the 1st year.
Then every year, 1 carpal bone ossifies.

Bone age = chronological age + 1

35
Q

How many milk teeth are in total?

A

20

36
Q

How many permanent teeth are in total?

A

32

37
Q

When does the first milk tooth appear?

A

At 6 m

38
Q

When does the first permanent tooth appear?

A

At 6 years

39
Q

When is it considered delayed teething?

A

After 1 year with no tooth

40
Q

When does the anterior fontanel usually close?

A

At 18 m

41
Q

When does the posterior fontanel usually close?

A

It usually closes at birth or at the 2nd month (no more than 0.5 cm)

42
Q

What is the most common secondary cause of failure to thrive?

A

Non-organic (caloric failure)

43
Q

What is the most important organic cause of FTT?

A

GIT (mainly malabsorption syndrome)

44
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Head circumference 2 deviations below the mean or below the 3rd percentile for GA.

45
Q

What is macrocephaly?

A

Head circumference 2 standard deviations above the mean or above the 95th percentile for GA.

46
Q

What is the direction of development?

A

Cephalocaudal

47
Q

What are the domains of development?

A 
Gross motor
Fine motor 
Speech and language 
Social 
Cognitive
48
Q

If an infant has hand preference before the age of 2 years, what does that suggest?

A

Cerebral palsy

49
Q

What are causes of developmental delay?

A 
Antenatal: 
Infections (esp. TORCH) 
Cerebrovascular hemorrhage 
Ischemia 
Structural maldevelopment 
Syndrome (i.e. Down syndrome)

Perinatal:
Hypoxic/ischemic injury before or during delivery
Preterm infants

Postnatal: 
Meningitis and encephalitis 
Head trauma 
Symptomatic hypoglycemia 
Hydrocephalus 
Hyperbilirubinemia
50
Q

Differential diagnosis of speech or language delay:

A
  1. Global developmental delay
  2. Hearing impairment
  3. Environmental deprivation
  4. ASD
  5. Intellectual disability (mental retardation)
51
Q

What is the most common cause of global developmental delay?

A

Genetic/chromosomal problems

52
Q

What is the most common cause of mental retardation?

A

Hypothyroidism

53
Q

What is the single best indicator of intellectual potential?

A

Language

54
Q

Changes in weight should be assessed in relation to what?

A

Height (length) and HC

55
Q

What can be used to distinguish the cause of FTT?

A

Growth velocity and height-for-weight

56
Q

What is the most common cause of FTT?

A

Non-organic causes (80%) = caloric failure

57
Q

What is the most important organic cause of FTT?

A

GIT (mostly malabsorption syndrome)

In America and western countries: renal tubular acidosis

Pediatrics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions