Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 Ts of cyanotic congenital heart disease?

A
  1. Tetralogy of Fallot
  2. Transposition of the great arteries
  3. Tricuspid atresia
  4. Truncus arteriosus
  5. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rheumatic fever is common in which age group?

A

6-15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes rheumatic fever?

A

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections of the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the major JONES criteria for rheumatic fever?

A 
Polyarthritis (most common) 
Carditis 
Sydenham chorea 
Erythema marginatum 
Subcutaneous nodules

(preceded by streptococcal infection by 2-4 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of antibiotic is used to treat rheumatic fever?

A

Benzathine penicillin

for long-term prophylaxis, it is given IM every 28 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kawasaki disease is most commonly associated with which ethnicity?

A

Asian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which age group is most likely to be affected with kawasaki disease?

A

Children under 5 years of ago, with a peak between 2-3 years (rare in children older than 7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most important manifestation of kawasaki disease?

A

Aneurysmal involvement of the coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the main characteristics of the acute phase of kawasaki disease?

A 
fever of unknown origin 
conjuctivitis 
dry, cracked lips w/ strawberry tongue 
cervical lymphadenopathy 
swelling of the hands and feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which phase of kawasaki disease heralds the onset of coronary artery aneurysms?

A

Subacute phase (may also appear in the convalescent phase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are risk factors for the development of coronary artery aneurysms in kawasaki disease?

A

Prolonged fever, prolonged elevation of inflammatory parameters such as ESR, age less than 1 year or older than 6 years, poor response to therapy and male gender.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mainstay treatment for kawasaki disease?

A

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is used as both an anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic in the treatment of kawasaki disease?

A

Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common type of VSD?

A

Perimembranous VSD

17
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect associated with children with trisomy 21?

A

Atrioventricular septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)

18
Q

What is the most common cause of heart failure in children?

A

Volume overload

19
Q

The absence of what on a chest x-ray rules out the diagnosis heart failure?

A

The absence of cardiomegaly

20
Q

What is the largest component of the ventricular septum?

A

Muscular septum

21
Q

What is part of the initial treatment for moderate to large VSDs?

A

Diuretics (some doctors use digoxin and/or after load reduction)

22
Q

What is a common form of ASD in Down syndrome?

A

Ostium primum ASD

23
Q

What is the most common type of ASD?

A

Secundum ASD (hole in the foramen ovale)

24
Q

What is the treatment of ASDs?

A
  • Medical management is rarely indicated.
  • If at 3 y/o, the defect is still present, then closure is recommended.
  • Secundum ASDs can be closed with an ASD closure device.
  • Primum and sinus venous defects require surgical closure.
25
Q

Why are the murmurs present found in VSD and PDA?

A 
VSD = pan-systolic murmur 
PDA = continuous, machine-like murmur
26
Q

What is the treatment of PDAs?

A

Initial management with diuretics then closure by coil embolization or a PDA closure device

27
Q

What is considered as pulmonary HTN in children?

A

High pulmonary artery pressure, mean > 25mmHg

28
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

A clinical syndrome defined as inadequate O2 delivery by the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body.

29
Q

What is the pathophysiology of CHF?

A
  1. Hypoperfusion of end organs stimulate the heart to maximize contractility and HR in an attempt to increase CO.
  2. Hypoperfusion also signals the kidneys to retain salt and water through the renin-angiotensin system in an attempt to inc. blood volume.
  3. Catecholamines (e.g. adrenaline, epinephrine) released by the sympathetic NS also increase the HR and myocardial contractility.
30
Q

What is the most common cause of CHF in older children and adolescents?

A

Viral myocarditis

31
Q

What are the common etiologies of CHF?

A

Congenital heart disease

  • Increased pulmonary blood flow due to VSD, ASD, PDA, transposition of the great arteries (TGA), truncus arteriosus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
  • Obstructive lesions due to severe aortic, pulmonary and mitral valve stenosis, coarctation of aorta, interrupted aortic arch and hypoplastic left heart syndrome
  • Other causes such as arteriovenous malformations and mitral or tricuspid regurgitation (= volume overload in the heart)

Acquired heart disease

  • Viral myocarditis (common in older children and adolescents)
  • Other cardiac infections (e.g. endocarditis, pericarditis), metabolic disease (e.g. hyperthyroidism), medications (e.g. doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent), cardiomyopathies and ischemic disease
  • Dysrrhythmias such as tachycardia and bradycardia

Miscellaneous

  • Severe anemia (= high-output CHF)
  • Rapid infusion of IV fluids (esp. in premature infants)
  • Obstructive processes of the airway, laryngomalacia, and CF
32
Q

What are the clinical features of CHF?

A
  1. Tachypnea, cough, wheezing, rales and pulmonary edema on CXR (= pulmonary congestion)
  2. Tachycardia, sweating, pale skin, diminished urine output and enlarged cardiac silhouette on CXR (= impaired myocardial performance and poor CO)
  3. Hepatomegaly and peripheral edema (= systemic venous congestion)
  4. FTT, poor feeding (common in newborns) and exercise intolerance (common in older children and adolescents)
33
Q

What is the definitive treatment of CHF secondary to CHD?

A

Surgical repair

34
Q

What constitutes the medical management plan of CHF?

A
  1. Cardiac glycosides (e.g. digoxin)
  2. Loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide)
  3. Inotropes (e.g. dobutamine, dopamine, epinephrine)
  4. Nutritional (high caloric intake and salt/water restriction)
35
Q

What are common clinical manifestations in left-sided HF vs. right-sided HF?

A

Left-sided HF: tachypnea, orthopnea, wheezing and pulmonary edema

Right-sided HF: hepatomegaly, edema and distended neck veins

36
Q

What is common with ostium primum ASD?

A

Mitral regurgitation (which can eventually lead to CHF)

37
Q

What can be seen or heard in the physical examination of ASD?

A
  1. Inc. right ventricular impulse
  2. Systolic ejection murmur + mid-diastolic murmur
  3. Fixed-split S2

Pediatrics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions