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Nervous System BDS1 > general > Flashcards

general Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A

communication
regulating internal events (very well defined events compared to endocrine)
organising behaviours (external)
information storage (memory: pre-empt neuronal cell to do a certain response as all neuronal cells can preform all roles and accept signals from anywhere in the body)
sensations, perceptions & emotions

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2
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells
generation and transmission of signals
synaptic processing e.g. memory etc
various types - structure related to function

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3
Q

glia cells

A

more numerous than neurons
supportive, nutritive role - very specialised cells

types:
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
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4
Q

afferents

A

neurons going towards the CNS (arrival)

not all sensorial afferents will reach the brain - action can occur before (reflex)

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5
Q

efferents

A

neurons going away from CNS (exit)

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6
Q

somatic neurons

A

transmit information between the skin or skeletal muscle to CNS

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7
Q

viceral neurons

A

transmit information between the internal organs to the CNS

e.g. visceral efferent response is a change in HR

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8
Q

2 sub-organisations of the nervous system

A

central nervous system CNS

peripheral nervous system PNS

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9
Q

CNS subdivisons

A

spinal nerves

cranial nerves

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10
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs emerge along the length of the spinal cord

8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
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11
Q

what fibres are in the spinal nerves?

A

can contain sensory and/or motor axons

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12
Q

what do spinal nerves supply?

A

structures in a well defined part of the body and innervate sensorial response

sensory neurons - dermatomes
motor neurons - myotomes (muscle blocks)

run in parallel to each other

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13
Q

how can dermatomes and myotomes be used to check for damage to spinal cord?

A

as spinal nerves innervate specific regions

can check for no or hyper response

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14
Q

spinal nerve ventral root

A

anterior of cord

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15
Q

spinal nerve dorsal root

A

posterior of cord

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16
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves connect to the brain (esp. brainstem)

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17
Q

what do cranial nerves do? (generally)

A

supple sensory and motor to the head & neck structures

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18
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

carries information to and away from the CNS

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of peripheral nerves?

A 
afferent nerves (sensory)
efferent nerves (motor)
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20
Q

What is the role of afferent nerves?

A

carry sensory information to CNS from periphery

somatic or visceral signals

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21
Q

what do somatic afferent signals give rise to?

A

give rise to sensation and perceptions

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22
Q

what do visceral afferent signals give rise to?

A

not usually sensations

related to internal unconscious activity instead

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23
Q

What is the role of efferent nerves?

A

carry motor information away from CNS

cause actions e.g. muscle contractions

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24
Q

what do somatic efferent nerves control?

A

voluntary muscle contractions

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25
Q

what do visceral efferent motor nerves make up?

A

the Autonomic Nervous System

  • control smooth and cardiac muscle
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26
Q

endoneurium

A

coats individual nerve fibres coated in myelin

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27
Q

perineurium

A

coats fasciculi of nerve fibres

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28
Q

fasciculi of nerve fibres

A

bundles of nerve fibres

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29
Q

epineurium

A

coats large bundles of nerve fasciculi

also contains fat, lymph, arteries and veins

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30
Q

what influences local anaesthetic action on nerves?

A

other structures in the epinerium bundle (e.g. fat, lymph spaces) - affects how it dilutes onto nerve

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31
Q

3 points to remember for local anaesthetic application

A

want local anaesthetic in sensorial nerves not motor nerves

want local anaesthetic to be present as short a time possible - pain revealed in absence can show complication unaware of at appointment

least volume of chemical injected - in case of side effects

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32
Q

what are nerve plexuses?

A

nerves grouped together for part and branch off at other parts (sensorial and motor responses)

if tracts of nerves get too close together for too large an area can cause confused or no response as clash signal

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33
Q

what is anastomosis?

A

overlap of innervation

i.e. dermatome overlap

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34
Q

what do variations in neuronal structure allow?

A

basic neuronal structure can be altered to perform different functions
e.g. cell body shifted

(primary sensory neuron has cell body relatively far away from dendrites)

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35
Q

basic components of a neuron

A

dendrites
cell body
axon
(myelin sheath)

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36
Q

what effects propagation of action potential?

A

diameter of axon

degree of myelination

37
Q

role and characteristics of A-beta fibre

A

largest diameter
myelinated

sensory neurones only

mechanorecptors in skin

38
Q

role and characteristics of A-alpha fibre

A

smaller diameter than A-beta
myelinated

sensory and motor neurons

proprioceptors of skeletal muscle

39
Q

role and characteristics of A-gamma fibre

A

myelinated

special form of motor neuron

40
Q

role and characteristics of A-delta fibre

A

myelinated

sensory neurons only

pain, temperature

41
Q

role and characteristics of C fibre

A

smallest diameter
unmyelinated

sensory neurons and some autonomic nerves e.g. pulp

pain, temperature, itch

42
Q

paradoxical effect

A

body will induce a compensatory paradoxical effect to try and reverse single control effect only sympathetic autonomic nervous system innervated organs

unexpected but natural response

43
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS) - motor divison role

A

carries information to somatic effectors - skeletal muscles

44
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS) - sensory divison role

A

carries feedback information to somatic integration centres in the CNS

45
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS) - efferent division role

A

carries information to the autonomic or visceral effectors

- smooth or cardiac muscle, glands, adipose and other tissues

46
Q

role of sympathetic division of ANS

A

prepares the body to deal with the immediate threats to the internal environment

flight/fight/fright

47
Q

role of parasympathetic division of ANS

A

coordinate the body normal resting activities

rest and repair

48
Q

what are neurons?

A

wiring that connects structures need for homeostasis

49
Q

what are sensory neurons role?

A

receptors that detect changes in external and internal environments

responsible for responding to more than just stimuli

capable of learning, memory, thought generation etc

50
Q

what are neurotransmitters in the bloodstream?

A

hormones e.g. adrenaline

51
Q

what are the functional regions of neurons?

A

INPUT ZONE - dendrites and cell body

SUMMATION ZONE- axon hillock

CONDUCTION ZONE - axon

OUTPUT ZONE - synaptic knobs of axon

52
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

by number of processes extending from cell body

53
Q

mutipolar neurons

A

one axon many dendrites

54
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one axon and one dendrite

least common

55
Q

unipolar/pseudounipolar neuron

A

one process comes off neuron cell body but divides almost immediately into 2 fibres

56
Q

what are functional classifications of neurons?

A

AFFERENT SENSORY NEURONS
conduct impulses to spinal cord or brainstem

EFFERENT MOTOR NEURONS
conduct impulses away from spinal cord or brainstem towards muscles or glandular tissue

INTERNEUONS
reflex only

57
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

a single conduction route to and from the CNS with electrical signal beginning in receptors and ending in effectors

3 neurons arc most common
- afferent neuron, interneuron, effent neuron

58
Q

what are bundles on nerve fibres called in the CNS?

A

tracts

rather than nerves

59
Q

what is endoneurium composed of?

A

delicate layer of connective tissue

surrounds each nerve fibre

60
Q

what is perineurium composed of?

A

connective tissue holding fascicles together

61
Q

what is epineurium composed of?

A

fibrous coat surrounding numerous fascicles and blood vessels to form a complete nerve

62
Q

white matter in the CNS is composed of

A

myelinated tracts

63
Q

white matter in the PNS is composed of

A

myelinated nerves

64
Q

grey matter is composed of

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated fibres

CNS - nuclei

PNS - ganglia

65
Q

can mature nerve fibres divide?

A

NO, mature nerve fibres are uncapable of cell divison

damage can be permanent for nerve tissue

if not extensive damage (cell body & neurilemma are intact and scarring not occurred) nerve fibre can be repaired

66
Q

what are local potentials?

A

slight shift away from the RMP in a specific region of the plasma membrane

graded potentials as the maginitude o deviation from the RMP is proportional to the stimulus

67
Q

what is excitation?

A

when stimulus triggers the opening of additional sodium channels
allowing the membrane potentials to move towards 0

depolarisation
upstroke

68
Q

what is inhibition?

A

when stimulus triggers the opening of additional potassium channels
increasing the membrane potential

hyperpolarisation
downstroke

69
Q

what is a synapse?

A

where nerve signals are transmitted from one neuron to another

70
Q

what are the 2 types of synapse?

A

electrical

chemical

71
Q

what are electrical synapse?

A

occur where cells joined by gap junction

allow AP to simply continue along along postsynaptic membrane

72
Q

what are chemical synapses?

A

located at the junction of a synaptic knob one neuron and the dendrites/cell of another

occurs when presynaptic cells release a chemical neurotransmitter across a tiny gap to postsynaptic cells

possibly inducing AP there

73
Q

synaptic knob

A

tiny bulge at the end of terminal branch of the presynaptic neuron axon that contain vesicles housing neurotransmitters

74
Q

synaptic cleft

A

spaces between the presynaptic knob and the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron

75
Q

plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron

A

has protein molecules that serve as receptors for the neurotransmitters

when bind either cause:
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
inhibitory postsynaptic patents (IPSP)

76
Q

how is neurotransmitter action terminated?

A

quickly

neurotransmitter molecules transported back into synaptic knob (reuptake)

and/or metabolised into inactive compounds by enzymes
and/or diffused and taken up by nearby glia

77
Q

spatial summation

A

adding together effects of the several knobs being activated simultaneously and stimulating different locations of the postsynaptic membrane

produce AP

78
Q

temporal summation

A

synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession

effects summate over a brief time period
produce AP

79
Q

how are memories stored?

A

by facilitating (or inhibiting) synaptic transmission

short term memories (secs/mins) may result from the axoaxonic facilitation /inhibition of presynaptic terminal

long term memory (mins/weeks) happens when serotonin backs potassium channels in presynaptic terminal
- prolonging AP
- increasing amount of neurotransmitter released
requires structural changes to synapse (more vesicles, release sites etc)

80
Q

how are neurotransmitters classified by function?

A

by postsynaptic receptor

also if receptors directly open a channel or instead use a second messenger mechanism involving G protein and intracellular signals

81
Q

what are the 2 major functional classification of neurotransmitter?

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

inhibitory neurotransmitters

82
Q

how are neurotransmitters classified by chemical structure?

A

mechanism by which neurotransmitters cause a change

4 main classes

usually neurotransmitter are classified by chemical structure since the function of specific neurotransmitters varies by location

83
Q

3 types of small molecule neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine ACh

amines

amino acids

84
Q

acetylcholine

A

small molecule neurotransmitter
ACh

unique chemical structure

deactivated by acetylcholinesterase

present at many locations

either excitatory or inhibitory

85
Q

amines

A

small molecule neurotransmitter

2 categories:

  • monoamines
  • catecholemaines

found in various regions of the brain

86
Q

amino acids

A

small molecule neurotransmitters

one of the most common in CNS

in PNS stored in synaptic vesicles

87
Q

neuropeptides

A

large molecule neurotransmitter

made of 2 or more amino acids

-neutrophins:
nerve growth factors
stimulate neuron development but act as neuromodulators

88
Q

nervous system cells Cycle of Life

A

nerve tissue development begins in ectoderm

nerve cells organise into body network

formation of new synapse and stretching or elimination of old synapse stimulation learning and memory

age causes degeneration of the nervous system which may lead to senility

Nervous System BDS1 (4 decks)

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