central nervous system

Question 1

what are the 2 components of the CNS?

Answer 1

brain
spinal cord

cerebral spinal fluid CSF is also present

Question 2

what protects the brain?

Answer 2

skull

Question 3

where is the spinal cord?

Answer 3

in vertebral canal

Question 4

what are meninges?

Answer 4

3 layers of protective tissue that provide protection to the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Question 5

what are the 3 meninges layers?

Answer 5

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 6

what is dura mater?

Answer 6

hard, external shell (outer layer of meninges)

Question 7

what is arachnoid mater?

Answer 7

cushioning structure

in between dura and Pia mater

Question 8

what is Pia mater?

Answer 8

soft, internal meninge

Question 9

what are the segments of the spinal cord?

Answer 9

8 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fused
1 coccygeal - fused

Question 10

what are the 2 types of matter in the spinal cord and brain?

Answer 10

grey matter

white matter

Question 11

what is grey matter?

Answer 11

contains neuron cell bodies

information received and processed
like flats/offices

Question 12

what is white matter?

Answer 12

contains nerve axons (and myelin)

signals are transported via axons
like lifts

Question 13

why is there relatively more white matter in the cervical and thoracic regions than in the lumbar and sacral?

Answer 13

because cervical and thoracic are closer to the brain so have more axons bundling into their white matter as you ascend the spinal cord

Question 14

why is there a greater amount of grey matter in cervical and lumbar regions?

Answer 14

greater surface area/number of organs so need more cell bodies to deal with information volume

Question 15

dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn

Answer 15

in the posterior part of spinal cord

location of 1st order afferent neuron terminals
(sensorial bodies that bring information into system)

will have cell bodies of 2nd order sensory neurons
(take signal to hypothalamus)

Question 16

ventral root and horn

Answer 16

in anterior section of spinal cord

cell bodies of efferent motor neurons at extremities

motor neuron axons leave spinal cord via ventral nerve root

Question 17

nerve axon route into spinal cord

Answer 17

sensory 1st oder axons from peripheryinto posterior of cord via dorsal root ganglion and dorsal root
leading to dorsal horn

Question 18

nerve axon route out of spinal cord

Answer 18

motor efferent neurons exit the anterior of the cord via ventral horn and ventral root

Question 19

what is the purpose of the reflex pathway?

Answer 19

associated with immediate risk

no time for signal to be sent to cortex for processing
(unpractical as body can be harmed so avoid time required for cognitive response)

Question 20

what is the unique component of reflex pathway?

Answer 20

interneuron shortcut

still part of the CNS buts stays within the spinal cord only

Question 21

brain structure

Answer 21

grey matter on the outside - cerebral cortex

white matter on the inside/core - axons, tracts (myelin)

reverse of spinal cord

Question 22

what 2 components makes the forebrain?

Answer 22

cerebrum

diencephalon

Question 23

cerebrum roles

Answer 23

sensory and motor integration functions

language

memory

perceptions

emotions

Question 24

diencephalon parts

Answer 24

thalamus

hypothalamus

Question 25

hypothalamus roles

Answer 25

role in homeostasis e.g. thermoregulation

hormone production & associated pituitary gland (endocrine connection)

circadian rhythms

motivation

emotional responses e.g. stress

Question 26

thalamus roles

Answer 26

sensory processing

Question 27

midbrain (and brainstem) roles

Answer 27

visual and auditory processing

pain control

Question 28

hindbrain parts

Answer 28

pons

medulla oblogata

cerebellum

Question 29

medulla oblongata roles

Answer 29

vital centres regulate breathing, heart and blood vesses

Question 30

cerebellum roles

Answer 30

balance control

Question 31

what is the affect of strokes on the brain?

Answer 31

affect cortical sensory areas

cause misfunctioning of sensory responses

not so much the visual area - at rear of brain so more trauma affected