General Flashcards
Systemic Mycoses
fungal infection
sx and signs of soft tissue infection, pneumonia, meningitis, septacemia, UTI – may be chronic but indolent OR invasive and life-threatening
Superficial Skin Infections
fungal infection
Rash, itching and erythema of fingernails, toenails, skin and mucous membranes
Dermatophytes: tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), tinea corporis (ringworm of the body) and tinea cruris (jock itch)
Superficial Infections of the GI and GU tracts
fungal infection
Candidiasis of oropharyngeal (thrush) and vaginal areas
Why is drug resistance becoming a real problem in Mycoses?
Immuno compromised ps tsurviving for a longer period of time that are chronically treated with antibacterial and antifungal drugs
Drug ressitance
Pphx use of antifungals in immunocomp pts discouraged bc not always clinically effective, can develop resistance – however, often have no other choice but to treat
virustatic
no action against latent virus
base + sugar
nucleoside
base + sugar + phosphate
nucleotide
What type of influenza causes mass infections?
influenza A
What is used for PEP?
Raltegravir/Dolutegravir + TDF/emtricitabine
What is used for PrEP?
TDF/emtricitabine
FDA approval for Dietary Supplements and Herbal Products
No FDA approval allowed – self-regulated industry
Active principal in Opium Poppy
morphine
Active principal in Belladonna Plant
atropine
Active principal in CocaLeaves
cocaine
Active principal in Tobacco
nicotine
Active principal in Mold
penicillin
Active principal in Foxglove plant
digoxin
Who is more likely to have response to placebos?
What conditions respond?
pts/conditions w/ high level of stress
milder dz w/ milder overall sx
conditions of variable intensity over time- pain and psych
PsychologicalMechanisms of placebos
Expectations of future responses
Classical conditioning
Observation/social cue
NeurobiologicalMechanisms of placebos
Endogenous opioids/CCK* (Analgesia/Hyperalgesia*)
Dopamine (Parkinson’s disease) effects
Serotonin (Depression)
Placebo adverse rxns
occur as commonly but more various and less severe rxns
Effect of dopamine on placebo response
more dopamine = greater response
nocebo effect
CCKantagonistswerefound to mobilize the “expectation pathway” to reduce pain and CCK agonist will act via a similar pathway to enhance the pain response
Characteristics of OTC drugs
Symptom oriented
Wide safety margin
Low risk of adverse rxn
benefits outweigh risks
Regulated by FDA but ads are regulated by FTC
