General

Question 1

Systemic Mycoses

Answer 1

fungal infection

sx and signs of soft tissue infection, pneumonia, meningitis, septacemia, UTI – may be chronic but indolent OR invasive and life-threatening

Question 2

Superficial Skin Infections

Answer 2

fungal infection

Rash, itching and erythema of fingernails, toenails, skin and mucous membranes

Dermatophytes: tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), tinea corporis (ringworm of the body) and tinea cruris (jock itch)

Question 3

Superficial Infections of the GI and GU tracts

Answer 3

fungal infection

Candidiasis of oropharyngeal (thrush) and vaginal areas

Question 4

Why is drug resistance becoming a real problem in Mycoses?

Answer 4

Immuno compromised ps tsurviving for a longer period of time that are chronically treated with antibacterial and antifungal drugs

Drug ressitance

Pphx use of antifungals in immunocomp pts discouraged bc not always clinically effective, can develop resistance – however, often have no other choice but to treat

Question 5

virustatic

Answer 5

no action against latent virus

Question 6

base + sugar

Answer 6

nucleoside

Question 7

base + sugar + phosphate

Answer 7

nucleotide

Question 8

What type of influenza causes mass infections?

Answer 8

influenza A

Question 9

What is used for PEP?

Answer 9

Raltegravir/Dolutegravir + TDF/emtricitabine

Question 10

What is used for PrEP?

Answer 10

TDF/emtricitabine

Question 11

FDA approval for Dietary Supplements and Herbal Products

Answer 11

No FDA approval allowed – self-regulated industry

Question 12

Active principal in Opium Poppy

Answer 12

morphine

Question 13

Active principal in Belladonna Plant

Answer 13

atropine

Question 14

Active principal in CocaLeaves

Answer 14

cocaine

Question 15

Active principal in Tobacco

Answer 15

nicotine

Question 16

Active principal in Mold

Answer 16

penicillin

Question 17

Active principal in Foxglove plant

Answer 17

digoxin

Question 18

Who is more likely to have response to placebos?

What conditions respond?

Answer 18

pts/conditions w/ high level of stress

milder dz w/ milder overall sx

conditions of variable intensity over time- pain and psych

Question 19

PsychologicalMechanisms of placebos

Answer 19

Expectations of future responses

Classical conditioning

Observation/social cue

Question 20

NeurobiologicalMechanisms of placebos

Answer 20

Endogenous opioids/CCK* (Analgesia/Hyperalgesia*)

Dopamine (Parkinson’s disease) effects

Serotonin (Depression)

Question 21

Placebo adverse rxns

Answer 21

occur as commonly but more various and less severe rxns

Question 22

Effect of dopamine on placebo response

Answer 22

more dopamine = greater response

Question 23

nocebo effect

Answer 23

CCKantagonistswerefound to mobilize the “expectation pathway” to reduce pain and CCK agonist will act via a similar pathway to enhance the pain response

Question 24

Characteristics of OTC drugs

Answer 24

Symptom oriented

Wide safety margin

Low risk of adverse rxn

benefits outweigh risks

Regulated by FDA but ads are regulated by FTC

Question 25

Characteristics of Rx drugs

Answer 25

Disease oriented

Benefit/risk more important than wide safety margin

Potential for serious adverse rxns

Ads regulated by FDA

FDA regulated for safety and efficacy