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Ortho > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

List malignancies that commonly metastasize to bone

A 
lymphoma
thyroid
breast
lung
prostate
kidney
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2
Q

List primary bone tumors

A

Ewigs sarcoma
osteosarcoma
multiple myeloma
chordoma

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3
Q

Stages of bone healing (HIRE)

A

· Hematoma formation
· Inflammation
· Remodeling – callus formation
· Endosteal new bone formation

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4
Q

List examples of abnormal bone through which pathologic fractures may occur.

A 
- Malignancies 
	o Primary
	o Metastatic (Breast, prostate, thyroid, renal)
- Cysts
- Endochondromata
- Giant cell tumours
- Osteomalcia
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Scurvy
- Rickets
- Paget’s disease
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5
Q

List bones which are prone to stress fractures (THINK legs and foot).

A
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Metatarsals
  • Navicular
  • Cuneiform
  • Calcaneus
  • Femoral neck
  • Femoral shaft
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6
Q

Define greenstick fractures.

A

Incomplete angulated fractures of long bones (pediatric fracture)

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7
Q

Define torus fracture.

A
  • Incomplete pediatric fracture with wrinkling or buckling of the cortex
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8
Q

List 10 complications of fractures:

A 
- Acute complications:
	o Hemorrhage
	o Vascular injuries
	o Nerve injuries
	o Compartment syndrome
	o Fat embolism
	o Fracture blisters
- Delayed complications
	o Infection (osteomyelitis)
	o AVN
	o Complex regional pain syndrome
	o Volkmans ischemic contractures
	o Reflex dystrophy
- Complications of Immobilization
	o DVT/PE
	o UTI
	o Stress ulcers
	o Muscle atrophy
	o GIB
	o Psychiatric disorders
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9
Q

Provide a classification scheme for open fractures. (Box 49-2)

A
  • I:
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10
Q

Given the location of the injury provide the nerve(s) at risk.

A 
Injury	Nerve(s)
Distal radius	Median
Elbow	Ulnar
Shoulder dislocation	Axillary
Sacral fracture	Cauda equina
Acetabular fracture	Sciatic
Hip dislocation	Femoral
Femoral shaft	Peroneal
Knee dislocation	Tibial
	Common Peroneal
Lateral tibial plateau fracture	Common Peroneal
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11
Q

List areas particularly prone to AVN?

A
  • Femoral head
  • Talus
  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Capitate
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12
Q

List the nine criteria which contribute to a score in the diagnosis of Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (RSD, causalgia).

A
  1. Allodynia (pain from non noxious stimuli) or hyerpasthesia (pain persisting or increasing after mild light pressure)
    1. Burning pain
    2. Edema
    3. Colour or hair changes
    4. Sweating changes
    5. Temperature changes
    6. Radiographic changes (i.e. demineralizations)
    7. Quantitative measurement of vasomotor/sudomotor disturbance
    8. Triple-phase bone scan consistent with RSD
      (Note there are 3 classification schemes à IASP, Bruehl’s, and Veldman’s that have a combo of these criteria, none are accepted over the others)
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13
Q

Define fat embolism and fat embolism syndrome.

A 
- Fat embolism:
	o The presence of fat globules in the lung parenchyma and peripheral circulation after long bone fracture of major trauma
- Fat embolism syndrome:
	o Serious manifestation of fat embolism
		§ ARDS
		§ Neurologic involvement
		§ Thrombocytopenia and petechial rash
		§ Fever
		§ Tachycardia
		§ Jaundice
		§ Renal failure à fat in urine
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14
Q

List different types of abnormal union of healing bone.

A
  • Delayed union
  • Malunion
  • Nonunion
  • Pseudoarthosis
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15
Q

List 5 causes of painful shoulder:

A
  • Impingement syndrome
  • Subacromial bursitis
  • Rotator cuff tendinopathy
  • Bicipital tendinopathy
  • Calcific tendinopathy
  • Adhesive capsulitis
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16
Q

Where do the flexors, supinators, extendors and pronators of the wrist insert?

A
  • Lateral elbow: Flexors and supinators

- Medial elbow: Extensors and pronators

17
Q

List patients at risk for septic bursitis.

A
  • Impaired host defenses
  • Alcoholism
  • Leucopenia
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic renal failure
  • Repetitive trauma
18
Q

List findings on bursa fluid aspiration which indicate septic bursitis.

A 
- Positive Gram Stain 
Positive Culture
	o *S. Aureus is the MCC
- WBC > 1500 cells/microL
	o *A bursal fluid WBC count greater than 5000/µL3 suggests bursal fluid infection, even in the presence of a negative Gram's stain.

Ortho (7 decks)

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