General Flashcards by Susan Kurian

Necrosis types

Coagulative is denature then degrade, binds acidophilic dye

Liquifactive has macrophages or neutrophils

Caseous has macrophages - Tb, histoplasma, and nocardia

Fat is dark blue on h and e

Fibrinoid in malignant HTN and vasculitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Irreversible Cell injury

Nuclear pyknosis karyorrhexis or karyolysis but not chromatin clumping

Permeability but not swelling

Not atp, glycogen depletion
Not ribosome detachment (CCl4 fatty change)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypoxia ischemic encephalopathy

Pyramidal cells of hippocampus

Purkinje cells of cerebellum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ischemic areas

Sub endocardium of LV

Straight proximal tubule and thick ascending tubule, both in medulla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pale infarcts

Heart kidney spleen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atrophy

Less metabolic demand from hospitalization

Occlusion of ducts in CF and stones

Pressure in kidney stone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

Eosinophils and antibodies

Can lead to scar or amyloid paid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Apoptosis

DNA laddering 180 no

Bcl2 inhibits apaf1 in intrinsic pathway, which inhibits caspase activation finally… Too much inhibition in follicular lymphoma

Fas-L for thymic negative selection coalesces to bind FADD which activates caspase a

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dystrophic calcification

TB pericardium

Schistosomiasis

Congenital CMV with toxoplasmosis

Normal ca level in abnormal tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metastatic calcification

Warfarin

Dialysis

Vitamin D

sarcoidosis

high pH of kidney, lung, gastric mucosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rolling

tight binding

diapedesis

migration

Glycam, CD34 (vessel) binds L-selectin
E/P selectin bind Siayl Lewis

ICam/CD54 binds CD 11/18 = LFA1/Mac1
VCAM/CD106 binds VLA4

Pecam/CD31

PAF, chemotactics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

free radicals

bound by transferrin and ceruloplasmin

cause retinopathy of prematurity (hyper vascular)

bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hemochromatosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

scar formation at 80% strength

3 months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PDGF

from platelets and macrophages

stimulates fibroblasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TGFB

stimulates angiogenesis, fibrosis, and cell cycle arrest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phase 3 wound healing

remodeling with fibroblasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

granulomatous diseases

Crohns
Listeria
Tertiary syphilis
Schistosomiasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exudate vs. transudate

thick exudate G>1.020 = lympatics, cancer, infection

thin transudate G

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ESR

high in anemias except sickle cell/microsytosis

high in pregnancy, cancer
infection, inflammation

low in heart failure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

AL primary amyloidosis

causes nephrotic syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia (faster than senile transthyretin form), bruising, megaly, neuropathy, tongue enlarge?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dialysis amyloidosis

causes carpal tunnel, joint deposits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rolling

tight binding

diapedesis

migration

Glycam, CD34 (vessel) binds L-selectin
E/P selectin bind Siayl Lewis

ICam/CD54 binds CD 11/18 = LFA1/Mac1
VCAM/CD106 binds VLA4

Pecam/CD31

PAF, chemotactics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

free radicals

bound by transferrin and ceruloplasmin

cause retinopathy of prematurity (hyper vascular)

bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hemochromatosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inhaled injury

less than 1 micron or NH3

causes pneumonia, edema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

scar formation at 80% strength

3 months

PDGF

from platelets and macrophages stimulates fibroblasts

TGFB

stimulates angiogenesis, fibrosis, and cell cycle arrest

phase 3 wound healing

remodeling with fibroblasts

granulomatous diseases

Crohns Listeria Tertiary syphilis Schistosomiasis

Exudate vs. transudate

thick exudate G>1.020 = lympatics, cancer, infection thin transudate G

Radiation cancers

papillary thyroid, breast | leukemia, sarcoma

AL primary amyloidosis

causes nephrotic syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia, bruising, megaly, neuropathy

Dialysis amyloidosis

causes carpal tunnel

islet amyloid polypeptide

type 2 DM, amylin in islets

PGP

MDR1, seen in adrenal cell carcinoma

desmoplasia

irreversible, linitis plastica in gastric cancer

carcinoma hamartoma choristoma

lymphatic spread -except rcc, hepatocellular, thyroid follicular, choriocarcinoma Peutz Jeghers polyps Meckel diverticulum

dermato/polymyositis

get genitourinary cancers

multiple seborrheic keratoses

GI, breast, lung, lymphoid cancers

tuberous sclerosis

benign hamatomas may become malignant: renal angiomyolipomas giant cell astrocytomas cardiac rhabdomyoma

AIDS cancers

non Hodgkins | Kaposi

Immunodeficiency cancers

RCC, melanoma, lymphoma

Radiation cancers

papillary thyroid, breast | leukemia, sarcoma

BCR-ABL oncogene

ALL and CML

Melanoma, non Hodgkin oncogene

BRAF =ser/threonine kinase

Benzidine, 2-napthylamine

aromatic amines causing transitional cell ccr

Her2neu oncogene

gastric carcinoma and breast, ovarian

RAS oncogene

colon, lung, pancreas = crappy

SMAD4 tumor suppressor

= DPC4 = pancreatic cancer

NF1 tumor suppressor makes... | NF2 makes...

RasGTPase | Merlin/schwannomin

p16 tumor suppressor

= CDKI2A = melanoma

PTEN tumor suppressor

prostate, breast, endometrial ccr

osteosarcoma tumor suppressor

VHL tumor suppressor makes...

inhibitor or hypoxia inducible factor 1a RCC or VHL disease

Seminoma marker

alkaline phosphatase (placental)

CA15-3/CA27-29 marker

Breast cancer

CEA marker

colorectal and pancreas car | gastric! breast! thyroid! = me

Benzidine, 2-napthylamine

aromatic amines causing transitional cell car

Liver angiosarcoma from...

arsenic

Smoking cancers are...

transitional cell carcinoma cervical carcinoma pancreatic carcinoma lung, renal cell, esophageal, laryngeal

1,25 OH2 D3 high in...

Lymphoma paraneoplastic

EPO high in...

Leiomyoma, pheochromocytoma rcc, hemagioblastoma, liver ccr

PTHrP high in...

breast cancer, renal cell and squamous

PSaMMoma

papillary carcinoma of thyroid serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma ovary meningioma mesothelioma

lung cancer goes to

brain > bone

breast cancer goes to

bone or brain

prostate cancer goes to

bone >> brain

stomach or pancreatic cancer goes to

liver

thyroid or kidney cancer goes to

bone

melanoma goes to

brain

apocrine metaplasia of breast

no increased cancer risk

keratomalacia

squamous conjunctiva becomes stratified keratinizing due to low vitamin A

LPS binds

CD14 on macrophage = TLR

Factor 12

= Hageman factor = proinflammatory from liver collagen exposure leads to: bradykinin (be kind!) complement (compliment!) coagulation (don't bleed!)

MPO

H2O2 to HOCl* "my sod (nadph) ox" backwards deficiency MAY cause Candida NBT normal

Catalase positive

Staph aureus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Nocardia, Aspergillis

IL12

from macrophages | causes Th1

SCID

can be MHCII deficiency

Bruton's agammaglobulinemia

after 6 mo Giardia lambia, polio, coxsackie virus bacteria

CVID

Low Ig from B/Th fail late childhood get autoimmune and lymphomas

Hyper IgM

mutated CD40L or CD40-R (B cell) | pyogenic infections at mucosal sites

Lupus antibodies

``` ANA = not specific dsDNA = specific 30% anti-phospholipid -anticardiolipin causes FP syphilis -lupus anticoagulant prolongs PTT -get DVT, hepatic vein, placental, stroke ```

Sjogren antibodies

ANA Anti-SS-A = Ro Anti-SS-B = La get B cell/marginal zone lymphoma, which enlarges parotid gland on one side

Diffuse scleroderma

skin and early visceral often esophageal dysmotility ANA and anti-DNA topo 1 (SCl-70)

localized scleroderma

``` CREST calcinosis, anti-centromere raynaud esophageal dysmotility sclerodactyly telangectasias ```

MCTD antibody

anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein | "UMC"

Determine clonality

G6PD isoform on X | androgen recepter isoform on X

kappa to lambda ration

3:1 | "kappa tau vs lambda chi"

ckit

Burkitt lymphoma | t(8;14) with IgH

cyclin D1

t(11;14) with IgH | Mantle cell lymphoma

CDK4

melanoma

vimentin

mesenchyme IF stain