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Pathology > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Necrosis types

A

Coagulative is denature then degrade, binds acidophilic dye

Liquifactive has macrophages or neutrophils

Caseous has macrophages - Tb, histoplasma, and nocardia

Fat is dark blue on h and e

Fibrinoid in malignant HTN and vasculitis

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2
Q

Irreversible Cell injury

A

Nuclear pyknosis karyorrhexis or karyolysis but not chromatin clumping

Permeability but not swelling

Not atp, glycogen depletion
Not ribosome detachment (CCl4 fatty change)

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3
Q

Hypoxia ischemic encephalopathy

A

Pyramidal cells of hippocampus

Purkinje cells of cerebellum

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4
Q

Ischemic areas

A

Sub endocardium of LV

Straight proximal tubule and thick ascending tubule, both in medulla

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5
Q

Pale infarcts

A

Heart kidney spleen

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6
Q

Atrophy

A

Less metabolic demand from hospitalization

Occlusion of ducts in CF and stones

Pressure in kidney stone

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7
Q

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

A

Eosinophils and antibodies

Can lead to scar or amyloid paid

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8
Q

Apoptosis

A

DNA laddering 180 no

Bcl2 inhibits apaf1 in intrinsic pathway, which inhibits caspase activation finally… Too much inhibition in follicular lymphoma

Fas-L for thymic negative selection coalesces to bind FADD which activates caspase a

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9
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

TB pericardium

Schistosomiasis

Congenital CMV with toxoplasmosis

Normal ca level in abnormal tissue

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10
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Warfarin

Dialysis

Vitamin D

sarcoidosis

high pH of kidney, lung, gastric mucosa

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11
Q

rolling

tight binding

diapedesis

migration

A

Glycam, CD34 (vessel) binds L-selectin
E/P selectin bind Siayl Lewis

ICam/CD54 binds CD 11/18 = LFA1/Mac1
VCAM/CD106 binds VLA4

Pecam/CD31

PAF, chemotactics

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12
Q

free radicals

A

bound by transferrin and ceruloplasmin

cause retinopathy of prematurity (hyper vascular)

bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hemochromatosis

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13
Q

scar formation at 80% strength

A

3 months

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14
Q

PDGF

A

from platelets and macrophages

stimulates fibroblasts

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15
Q

TGFB

A

stimulates angiogenesis, fibrosis, and cell cycle arrest

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16
Q

phase 3 wound healing

A

remodeling with fibroblasts

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17
Q

granulomatous diseases

A

Crohns
Listeria
Tertiary syphilis
Schistosomiasis

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18
Q

Exudate vs. transudate

A

thick exudate G>1.020 = lympatics, cancer, infection

thin transudate G

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19
Q

ESR

A

high in anemias except sickle cell/microsytosis

high in pregnancy, cancer
infection, inflammation

low in heart failure

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20
Q

AL primary amyloidosis

A

causes nephrotic syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia (faster than senile transthyretin form), bruising, megaly, neuropathy, tongue enlarge?

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21
Q

Dialysis amyloidosis

A

causes carpal tunnel, joint deposits

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22
Q

rolling

tight binding

diapedesis

migration

A

Glycam, CD34 (vessel) binds L-selectin
E/P selectin bind Siayl Lewis

ICam/CD54 binds CD 11/18 = LFA1/Mac1
VCAM/CD106 binds VLA4

Pecam/CD31

PAF, chemotactics

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23
Q

free radicals

A

bound by transferrin and ceruloplasmin

cause retinopathy of prematurity (hyper vascular)

bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hemochromatosis

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24
Q

inhaled injury

A

less than 1 micron or NH3

causes pneumonia, edema

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25
Q

scar formation at 80% strength

A

3 months

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26
Q

PDGF

A

from platelets and macrophages

stimulates fibroblasts

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27
Q

TGFB

A

stimulates angiogenesis, fibrosis, and cell cycle arrest

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28
Q

phase 3 wound healing

A

remodeling with fibroblasts

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29
Q

granulomatous diseases

A

Crohns
Listeria
Tertiary syphilis
Schistosomiasis

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30
Q

Exudate vs. transudate

A

thick exudate G>1.020 = lympatics, cancer, infection

thin transudate G

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31
Q

Radiation cancers

A

papillary thyroid, breast

leukemia, sarcoma

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32
Q

AL primary amyloidosis

A

causes nephrotic syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia, bruising, megaly, neuropathy

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33
Q

Dialysis amyloidosis

A

causes carpal tunnel

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34
Q

islet amyloid polypeptide

A

type 2 DM, amylin in islets

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35
Q

PGP

A

MDR1, seen in adrenal cell carcinoma

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36
Q

desmoplasia

A

irreversible, linitis plastica in gastric cancer

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37
Q

carcinoma

hamartoma

choristoma

A

lymphatic spread
-except rcc, hepatocellular, thyroid follicular, choriocarcinoma

Peutz Jeghers polyps

Meckel diverticulum

38
Q

dermato/polymyositis

A

get genitourinary cancers

39
Q

multiple seborrheic keratoses

A

GI, breast, lung, lymphoid cancers

40
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

benign hamatomas may become malignant:

renal angiomyolipomas
giant cell astrocytomas
cardiac rhabdomyoma

41
Q

AIDS cancers

A

non Hodgkins

Kaposi

42
Q

Immunodeficiency cancers

A

RCC, melanoma, lymphoma

43
Q

Radiation cancers

A

papillary thyroid, breast

leukemia, sarcoma

44
Q

BCR-ABL oncogene

A

ALL

and CML

45
Q

Melanoma, non Hodgkin oncogene

A

BRAF

=ser/threonine kinase

46
Q

Benzidine, 2-napthylamine

A

aromatic amines causing transitional cell ccr

47
Q

Her2neu oncogene

A

gastric carcinoma

and breast, ovarian

48
Q

RAS oncogene

A

colon, lung, pancreas = crappy

49
Q

SMAD4 tumor suppressor

A

= DPC4 = pancreatic cancer

50
Q

NF1 tumor suppressor makes…

NF2 makes…

A

RasGTPase

Merlin/schwannomin

51
Q

p16 tumor suppressor

A

= CDKI2A = melanoma

52
Q

PTEN tumor suppressor

A

prostate, breast, endometrial ccr

53
Q

osteosarcoma tumor suppressor

A

Rb

54
Q

VHL tumor suppressor makes…

A

inhibitor or hypoxia inducible factor 1a

RCC or VHL disease

55
Q

Seminoma marker

A

alkaline phosphatase (placental)

56
Q

CA15-3/CA27-29 marker

A

Breast cancer

57
Q

CEA marker

A

colorectal and pancreas car

gastric! breast! thyroid! = me

58
Q

Benzidine, 2-napthylamine

A

aromatic amines causing transitional cell car

59
Q

Liver angiosarcoma from…

A

arsenic

60
Q

Smoking cancers are…

A

transitional cell carcinoma
cervical carcinoma
pancreatic carcinoma
lung, renal cell, esophageal, laryngeal

61
Q

1,25 OH2 D3 high in…

A

Lymphoma paraneoplastic

62
Q

EPO high in…

A

Leiomyoma, pheochromocytoma

rcc, hemagioblastoma, liver ccr

63
Q

PTHrP high in…

A

breast cancer, renal cell

and squamous

64
Q

PSaMMoma

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma ovary
meningioma
mesothelioma

65
Q

lung cancer goes to

A

brain > bone

66
Q

breast cancer goes to

A

bone or brain

67
Q

prostate cancer goes to

A

bone&raquo_space; brain

68
Q

stomach or pancreatic cancer goes to

A

liver

69
Q

thyroid or kidney cancer goes to

A

bone

70
Q

melanoma goes to

A

brain

71
Q

apocrine metaplasia of breast

A

no increased cancer risk

72
Q

keratomalacia

A

squamous conjunctiva becomes stratified keratinizing due to low vitamin A

73
Q

LPS binds

A

CD14 on macrophage = TLR

74
Q

Factor 12

A

= Hageman factor = proinflammatory from liver

collagen exposure leads to:
bradykinin (be kind!)
complement (compliment!)
coagulation (don’t bleed!)

75
Q

MPO

A

H2O2 to HOCl*

“my sod (nadph) ox” backwards

deficiency MAY cause Candida
NBT normal

76
Q

Catalase positive

A

Staph aureus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Nocardia, Aspergillis

77
Q

IL12

A

from macrophages

causes Th1

78
Q

SCID

A

can be MHCII deficiency

79
Q

Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

A

after 6 mo
Giardia lambia, polio, coxsackie virus
bacteria

80
Q

CVID

A

Low Ig from B/Th fail
late childhood
get autoimmune and lymphomas

81
Q

Hyper IgM

A

mutated CD40L or CD40-R (B cell)

pyogenic infections at mucosal sites

82
Q

Lupus antibodies

A 
ANA = not specific
dsDNA = specific
30% anti-phospholipid
-anticardiolipin causes FP syphilis
-lupus anticoagulant prolongs PTT
-get DVT, hepatic vein, placental, stroke
83
Q

Sjogren antibodies

A

ANA
Anti-SS-A = Ro
Anti-SS-B = La
get B cell/marginal zone lymphoma, which enlarges parotid gland on one side

84
Q

Diffuse scleroderma

A

skin and early visceral
often esophageal dysmotility
ANA and anti-DNA topo 1 (SCl-70)

85
Q

localized scleroderma

A 
CREST
calcinosis, anti-centromere
raynaud
esophageal dysmotility
sclerodactyly
telangectasias
86
Q

MCTD antibody

A

anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein

“UMC”

87
Q

Determine clonality

A

G6PD isoform on X

androgen recepter isoform on X

88
Q

kappa to lambda ration

A

3:1

“kappa tau vs lambda chi”

89
Q

ckit

A

Burkitt lymphoma

t(8;14) with IgH

90
Q

cyclin D1

A

t(11;14) with IgH

Mantle cell lymphoma

91
Q

CDK4

A

melanoma

92
Q

vimentin

A

mesenchyme IF stain

Pathology (8 decks)

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