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Pathology > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

0
Q

What is necrosis? Give 4 types and descriptions

A 
Dead tissue
Gangrene (discoloured)
Coagulative (discoloured)
Liquifactive (turns into mush)
Caseous (granulomas are amorphous)
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1
Q

What stain is needed to see mycobacterium?

A

Ziehl-Nielsen stain

Stains mycobacterium red

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2
Q

What is oncosis?

A

Cell death associated with rupture of cell membranes

Always pathological, inflam occurs

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3
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death (requires ATP) cell breaks down into smaller apoptotic bodies

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4
Q

What is apoptosis initiated by?

A

Caspases

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5
Q

Give 6 causes of cell injury

A 
Lack of O2 (hypoxia)
Trauma
Drugs
Microorganisms
Radiation
Toxins
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6
Q

What is the commonest cause of hypoxia?

A

Ischaemia (when only one artery supplies an organ and it becomes blocked)

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7
Q

Necrosis due to ischaemia is

A

An infarction

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8
Q

Give 3 situations where apoptosis is normal

A

Menstrual cycle, fetal development, lymphocytes that recognise self as foreign

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9
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Death of a cell either after death of the organism or removal from the organism

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10
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A mass of epithelioid macrophages and lymphocytes aggregated together
Occurs when cause of inflammation is hard to digest (mycobacterium, parasites etc)

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11
Q

What is a giant cell?

A

When macrophages fuse together when trying to ingest the same thing

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12
Q

What is it called when a giant cell has a wreath of nuclei around the periphery

A

Langhans giant cell

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13
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Inflammatory mediators produced at site of inflammation when needed

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14
Q

Which main cytokines stimulate fibroblasts, increase coagulation and act as endothelial adhesion molecules?

A

TNF-a and IL-1

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15
Q

Which cytokine just gives systemic effects?

A

IL-6

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16
Q

What does Il-10 do?

A

Inhibits cytokine secretion, reduces antigen presentation

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17
Q

Which inflam cells look pink, purple and blue?

A

Eosinophils- pink
Neutrophils- purple
Basophils-blue

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18
Q

What is a scar?

A

Dense fibrous tissue (fibrosis)

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19
Q

What can fibrosis lead to?

A

Stricture (abnormal narrowing of duct/passage

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20
Q

What process does dead tissue turn into granulation tissue?

A

Organisation

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21
Q

Why does granulation tissue involve?

A

Red granular surface

Inflam cells, fibroblasts and myofibriblasts and epithelial cells

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22
Q

How does granulation tissue turn into a scar?

A

Maturation

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23
Q

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur?

A

In CNS

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24
Q

5 symptoms of prostate hyperplasia

A 
Poor stream
Hesitancy of flow
Dribble
Decreased bladder emptying
Increased freq (esp at night)
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25
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Tissue enlargement as a response to increased work (enlargement of size of cells)

26
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Enlargement of a tissue due to an increased number of cells

27
Q

Atrophy is

A

The reduction in mass of a tissue due to reduction in cell size or cell number or both. from normal to below normal size

28
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure to develop to normal size

29
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Change of one mature adult tissue type into another (always pathological)
Adaption to environment

30
Q

5 causes of atrophy

A 
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Disuse
Diminished blood supply 
Loss of nerve supply
Pressure
31
Q

Define ectopia

A

Presence of a differentiated tissue in an abnormal location as a result f a defect in embryogenesis

32
Q

Fever is -

A

Thermoregulation disrupted by cytokines, hypothalamus set point is increased

33
Q

What proportion of people in UK have one copy of the mutated gene for cystic fibrosis?

A

1/22

34
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Mass of abnormal tissue

Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue

35
Q

Malignant means

A

A mass that invades adjacent tissues and can make new, separate tumours (cancer)

36
Q

What is a metastasis?

A

A separate lesion from the tumour (a secondary neoplasm)

37
Q

Define benign neoplasm

A

Unable to spread to adjacent tissues, confined to organ of origin, can still cause disease through

  • abnormal secretion of hormones
  • atrophy of adjacent tissues
  • compression of adjacent structures
38
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Extreme wasting of muscles and far due to cancer

39
Q

Aetiology is

A

The underlying cause of disease (eg tobacco smoke with lung cancer)

40
Q

Pathogenesis is-

A

The mechanism by which the aetiology interacts with the cells and organs of the body to produce disease

41
Q

Define idiopathic

A

Unknown cause

42
Q

Congenital means

A

You are born with the disease (inherited or due to environmental factors before birth)
May manifest itself later in life but still congenital

43
Q

What are the three suffixes used to name tumours

A

OMA- benign tumour
CARCINOMA- malignant epithelial cancer
SARCOMA- malignant non-epithelial tumour (CT&bone)

44
Q

Define inflammation

A

The coordinated response by vascularised tissue to injury or the presence of micro-organisms

45
Q

What is exudation?

A

Blood plasma passing out of blood stream in the extra vascular space through gaps between endothelial cells
Occurs in inflammation

46
Q

Give an example of an adhesion molecule

A

Selectin

47
Q

What substances have a chemoattractive effect on wbcs?

A

Cytokines and complements

48
Q

What are the first cells to enter tissues during inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

49
Q

What defines acute inflammation?

A

Time frame of a week or less

Presence of neutrophils but not other inflam cells in tissue

50
Q

Where to white blood cells adhere to?

A

Venular endothelium

51
Q

Name 2 opsonins

A

C-reactive protein

C3b complement

52
Q

What increases vascular permeability?

A

Histamine and prostaglandins

53
Q

What are acute phase proteins and where are they produced?

A

Proteins that are helpful in defence

Produced by the liver

54
Q

Name 4 types of acute phase proteins

A

Complements, coagulation proteins, C-reactive protein, protease inhibitors

55
Q

What is caseous necrosis characteristic of?

A

Mycobacterium infection

56
Q

Why is gangrene dangerous?

A

It can spread and makes tissues very weak (can rupture)

57
Q

How do cells die via oncosis?

A

Rupture of lysosomes membranes which hydrolyse cell components

58
Q

Why do oncotic cells expand?

A

Lots of smaller pieces in cell increases oncotic pressure

59
Q

How are apoptotic bodies broken down?

A

They have phosphatidylserine on their membranes so many cells can phagocytose and digest them

60
Q

By is apoptosis advantageous over oncosis?

A

No inflammatory response so no tissue damage

Cell parts are rapidly recycled

61
Q

What do nacroophages do that neutrophils don’t?

A

Digest dead tissue and foreign matter

62
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Passive escape of red blood cells through damaged endothelium

Pathology (5 decks)

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