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Veterinary Public Health > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

PH01-03

1
Q

what are the 6 main challenges of One Health?

A
  1. antimicrobial resistance
  2. zoonoses
  3. emerging diseases
  4. food safety
  5. food security
  6. environmental health (water pollutio, climate change)
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2
Q

name the term

this means a biological, chemical, or physical agent in, or condition of, food or feed with the potential to cause an adverse health effect

A

hazard

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3
Q

this metric is chosen to quantify disease burden;
it is calculated by adding the number of Years of Life Lost to mortality (YLL) and the number of Years Lived with Disability due to morbidity (YLD)

A

Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

(DALY = YLL + YLD)

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4
Q

this is calculated by the summation of all fatal cases due to that specific disease, each case is multiplied by the expected individual life span at the age of death

A

YLL
(Years of Life Lost to mortality)

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5
Q

this is calculated by the accumulation over all health outcomes and is the product of the number of cases, the duration of the illness and the severity weight of a specific disease

A

YLD
(Years Lived with Disability due to morbidity)

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6
Q

what is the global burden of foodborne disease? (in DALYs)

A

33 million DALYs

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7
Q

this strategy aims to:
1. ensure food security, nutrition and public health by promoting sustainable food production, processing and distribution
2. mitigate the effects of climate change and reduce the environmental impact by promoting sustainable food consumption and by preventing food loss and waste

A

Farm to Fork

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8
Q

name the 2 main stress axes

A
  1. sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis (SAM)
  2. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)
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9
Q

name the stress axis

  1. perception of a challenge
  2. activates the amygdala
  3. activates the sympathetic nervous system
  4. innervation of the adrenal gland (medulla)
  5. release of adrenaline
  6. incr HR, glycogenolysis, lipolysis
  7. helps animal to deal with challenge
    - quick to respond (neural) but respobse is short-lived
A

SAM axis (sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis)

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10
Q

name the stress axis

uses the endocrine system (transportation of hormones via blood);
therefore slower response but response is more sustained;
cortisol/corticosterone are glucocorticoids (catabolic hormones) that incr glucogenolysis, lipolysis, protein breakdown and incr metabolite supply to help animal deal with challenge

A

HPA axis (hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal)

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11
Q

this is the behavioural response to handling

A

temperament

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12
Q

what three features does acute stress cause meat to have when cut

A
  1. pale
  2. soft
  3. watery
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13
Q

what 4 features does chronic stress give to meat

A
  1. tough
  2. dark
  3. dry
  4. more likely to spoil
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14
Q

what percent of beef cattle temperament is heritable?

A

30%

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15
Q

what two pieces of information are required for the identification of cattle

A
  1. ear tag
  2. passport
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16
Q

what 5 pieces of information must be on the primary yellow ear tag for cattle

A
  1. crown logo
  2. country code (UK)
  3. herdmark
  4. individual animal number
  5. check digit
17
Q

how soon after birth must the first (primary) ear tag be applied to dairy cattle

A

within 36h

18
Q

how soon after birth must the secondary ear tag be applied to dairy cattle

A

within 20d

19
Q

how long after birth must the ear tags be placed in non-dairy cattle?

A

within 20d

20
Q

when must ear tags be placed in bison?

A

when calf separated from dam or 9mo old

(whichever comes sooner)

21
Q

name the 2 requirements for imported cattle presented for slaughter within 15d of arrival from EU or TC

A
  1. export health certificate (from vet of exporting country)
  2. passport and eartags from country of origin
22
Q

cattle from third countries (TC) must be re-tagged with UK tag within how long of passing vet health checks if not going directly for slaughter

A

within 20d

23
Q

the sale of meat derived from cattle born in, or imported into, the UK before this date is stictly prohibited

A

1 August 1996

24
Q

where must discrepancies between ear tags and documentation be reported?

A

to Trading Standards

25
Q

is electronic identification (EID) required for goats in the UK?

A

no

26
Q

how soon after birth must a sheep for slaughter be given a single EID UK tag?

A

before 12mo

27
Q

how soon after birth must a sheep not for slaughter (any others/breeding stock) be given 2 eartags (one in each ear) if housed overnight

A

within 6mo of birth

28
Q

how soon after birth must a sheep not for slaughter (any others/breeding stock) be given 2 eartags (one in each ear) if not housed overnight

A

within 9 mo

29
Q

name the ear tag colour

any visual electronic identifier applied on the holding of birth (and replica EIDs)

A

yellow

30
Q

name the ear tag colour

any visual identifiers (excluding replicas) applied off the holding of birth (including electronic identifiers)

A

red

31
Q

name the ear tag colour

ear tag or pastern on an animal with a bolus EID (‘B’ printed on it);
ear tag on a goat with an injectable EID (‘I’ printed on it)

A

black

32
Q

the identity of a sheep may be considered this if it can be traced back to its last holding

A

reasonably ascertainable

33
Q

all pigs arriving at the slaughter house should be identifiable by means of an identification mark; name 3 options for this ID mark

A
  1. slapmark
  2. eartag
  3. tattoo
34
Q

name 2 identification requirements for foals born after 1 July 2009

A
  1. microchip transponder in neck
  2. passport
35
Q

this is a centrally managed database of all equine identification in the UK;
purpose is to secure the human food chain and help agencies deal with lost, fly-grazed, stolen or abanfoned horses

A

Central Equine Database (CED)

36
Q

what 5 things should FCI (Food Chain Information) include?

A
  1. health status of farm
  2. animal health status
  3. any vet procedures/treatments
  4. any ocurrences of disease
  5. any test results

Veterinary Public Health (3 decks)

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