General Flashcards
PH01-03
what are the 6 main challenges of One Health?
- antimicrobial resistance
- zoonoses
- emerging diseases
- food safety
- food security
- environmental health (water pollutio, climate change)
name the term
this means a biological, chemical, or physical agent in, or condition of, food or feed with the potential to cause an adverse health effect
hazard
this metric is chosen to quantify disease burden;
it is calculated by adding the number of Years of Life Lost to mortality (YLL) and the number of Years Lived with Disability due to morbidity (YLD)
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
(DALY = YLL + YLD)
this is calculated by the summation of all fatal cases due to that specific disease, each case is multiplied by the expected individual life span at the age of death
YLL
(Years of Life Lost to mortality)
this is calculated by the accumulation over all health outcomes and is the product of the number of cases, the duration of the illness and the severity weight of a specific disease
YLD
(Years Lived with Disability due to morbidity)
what is the global burden of foodborne disease? (in DALYs)
33 million DALYs
this strategy aims to:
1. ensure food security, nutrition and public health by promoting sustainable food production, processing and distribution
2. mitigate the effects of climate change and reduce the environmental impact by promoting sustainable food consumption and by preventing food loss and waste
Farm to Fork
name the 2 main stress axes
- sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis (SAM)
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)
name the stress axis
- perception of a challenge
- activates the amygdala
- activates the sympathetic nervous system
- innervation of the adrenal gland (medulla)
- release of adrenaline
- incr HR, glycogenolysis, lipolysis
- helps animal to deal with challenge
- quick to respond (neural) but respobse is short-lived
SAM axis (sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis)
name the stress axis
uses the endocrine system (transportation of hormones via blood);
therefore slower response but response is more sustained;
cortisol/corticosterone are glucocorticoids (catabolic hormones) that incr glucogenolysis, lipolysis, protein breakdown and incr metabolite supply to help animal deal with challenge
HPA axis (hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal)
this is the behavioural response to handling
temperament
what three features does acute stress cause meat to have when cut
- pale
- soft
- watery
what 4 features does chronic stress give to meat
- tough
- dark
- dry
- more likely to spoil
what percent of beef cattle temperament is heritable?
30%
what two pieces of information are required for the identification of cattle
- ear tag
- passport
what 5 pieces of information must be on the primary yellow ear tag for cattle
- crown logo
- country code (UK)
- herdmark
- individual animal number
- check digit
how soon after birth must the first (primary) ear tag be applied to dairy cattle
within 36h
how soon after birth must the secondary ear tag be applied to dairy cattle
within 20d
how long after birth must the ear tags be placed in non-dairy cattle?
within 20d
when must ear tags be placed in bison?
when calf separated from dam or 9mo old
(whichever comes sooner)
name the 2 requirements for imported cattle presented for slaughter within 15d of arrival from EU or TC
- export health certificate (from vet of exporting country)
- passport and eartags from country of origin
cattle from third countries (TC) must be re-tagged with UK tag within how long of passing vet health checks if not going directly for slaughter
within 20d
the sale of meat derived from cattle born in, or imported into, the UK before this date is stictly prohibited
1 August 1996
where must discrepancies between ear tags and documentation be reported?
to Trading Standards
is electronic identification (EID) required for goats in the UK?
no
how soon after birth must a sheep for slaughter be given a single EID UK tag?
before 12mo
how soon after birth must a sheep not for slaughter (any others/breeding stock) be given 2 eartags (one in each ear) if housed overnight
within 6mo of birth
how soon after birth must a sheep not for slaughter (any others/breeding stock) be given 2 eartags (one in each ear) if not housed overnight
within 9 mo
name the ear tag colour
any visual electronic identifier applied on the holding of birth (and replica EIDs)
yellow
name the ear tag colour
any visual identifiers (excluding replicas) applied off the holding of birth (including electronic identifiers)
red
name the ear tag colour
ear tag or pastern on an animal with a bolus EID (‘B’ printed on it);
ear tag on a goat with an injectable EID (‘I’ printed on it)
black
the identity of a sheep may be considered this if it can be traced back to its last holding
reasonably ascertainable
all pigs arriving at the slaughter house should be identifiable by means of an identification mark; name 3 options for this ID mark
- slapmark
- eartag
- tattoo
name 2 identification requirements for foals born after 1 July 2009
- microchip transponder in neck
- passport
this is a centrally managed database of all equine identification in the UK;
purpose is to secure the human food chain and help agencies deal with lost, fly-grazed, stolen or abanfoned horses
Central Equine Database (CED)
what 5 things should FCI (Food Chain Information) include?
- health status of farm
- animal health status
- any vet procedures/treatments
- any ocurrences of disease
- any test results
