General

Question 1

Provide specific example of laissez faire economic policy that promoted big business during the Gilded Age

Answer 1

The Morrill Tariff of 1861 protected American industries from foreign competition and encouraged domestic production + big businesses

Question 2

What technological innovations helped big business in the 19th century?

Answer 2

The development of the Bessemer process which revolutionized steel production by reducing costs and increasing production speed

Question 3

What removal act was done by Jackson?

Answer 3

Indian Removal Act of 1830 which led to the Trail of Tears where thousands of Cherokee and other tribes were forcibly relocated

Question 4

Transcontinental Railroad

Answer 4

Completed in 1869, it linked the eastern U.S. rail network with California, which dramatically reduced travel time and boosted commerce + settlement

Question 5

What was a Gilded Age reform?

Answer 5

The establishment of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor which sought better wages, hours, and working conditions

Question 6

What economic diversification occurred in the “New South”

Answer 6

The establishment of textile mills throughout the Piedmont region

Question 7

What social adjustments occurred in the “New South”

Answer 7

Jim Crow Laws

Question 8

Who did Vertical Integration and who did Horizontal Integration?

Answer 8

Vertical: Andrew Carnegie who took charge of the entire stage of the industrial process, from raw materials to distribution when it came to the steel industry

Horizontal: John D. Rockefeller, who consolidated many firms in the same businesses Standard Oil by acquiring other oil refineries and businesses involved in the same stage of production, which was refiing oil into usable products

Question 9

Besides Removal Act, how else did Westward expansion displace Indians?

Answer 9

The near-extinction of the buffalo, a central resource for the Plains Indians, due to commercial hunting and as a way to subdue the tribes, devastated Native economies and ways of lice, forcing many to depend on government supplies and settlements

Question 10

What technological innovations occurred during the First Industrial Revolution (late 18th to early 19th century)?

Answer 10

The steam engine, mechanized manufacturing processes primarily in textile production

Question 11

What technological innovations occurred during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Answer 11

Electrical power generation and distribution, the internal combustion engine, as well as the automobile, airplane, and telephone

Question 12

Explain the Missouri Compromise

Answer 12

Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in all remaining territories acquired from the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36, 30 latitude line

Temporarily eased tensions but geographic restriction on slavery set a precedent that increased regional tensions

Question 13

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Answer 13

Proposed to facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad and encourage westward expansion by repealing the Missouri o promise and allowing territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide issue based on popular sovereignty

Led to violent confrontations in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers (Bleeding Kansas)

Question 14

What was Jackson’s thing about tariffs

Answer 14

Nullification Crisis in 1832-1833 where South Carolina driven by complaints about unfavorable tariffs tried to nullify federal tariffs and threatened secession, Jackson threatened military force if it did not comply

Question 15

Market Revolution technologies

Answer 15

Led to major changes in transportation through canals and railroads, the telegraph, and agriculture (mechanization such as cotton gin and steel plow)

Question 16

What was the time of the Market Revolution?

Answer 16

Early to mid 19th centuries

Question 17

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 17

Western hemisphere off-limits to further European colonization, secured U.S. sphere of influence in the Americas and asserted its political influence

Question 18

17th Amendment

Answer 18

Direct election of senators

Question 19

Smoot-Hawley tariff

Answer 19

Tariff on imported goods to help American economy

Question 20

The first federal legislation to curtail monpolies

Answer 20

Sherman-Anti Trust Act in 1890 which ensured fair competition and prevented anti-competitive practices

Question 21

What were the three key aspects of Teddy’s Square Deal aimed at helping middle class citizens?

Answer 21

Conservation of Natural Resources
Control of Corporations
Consumer Protection

Question 22

19th Amendment

Answer 22

The right to vote

Question 23

What were two causes of American entry into World War I?

Answer 23

1. Unrestricted submarine warfare from Germany (sinking of RMS Lusitania, killing many Americans in the process)
2. Zimmerman Telegram

Question 24

What were the effects of American entry into World War I?

Answer 24

Industrial boom (such as steel, chemicals, and textiles), labor shortages led to AAs and women filling up labor practices (Great Migration from south to North)

War Industries Board established to coordinate the production of war materials

Question 25

Espionage/Sedition Act

Answer 25

Made it illegal to interfere with military operations or speak against the war effort, severe restriction on freedom of speech

Question 26

The Roaring 20s

Answer 26

Characterized by booming economy (widespread adoption of new technologies like automobiles, radios, and household appliances), Jazz Age, liberal attitudes towards dating and sexuality, Harlem Renaissance

Question 27

Explain how roaring 20s led to the great depression

Answer 27

The Roaring Twneties saw a boom in consumer credit usage leading to high levels of personal debt that were unsustainable, gross overvaluing of the stock market

Question 28

Agricultural Adjustment Act + Federal Emergency Relif Act

Answer 28

New Deal - FDR

AAA - Designed to reduce crop surplus
FERA - aimed to providing direct relief to the unemployed and impoverished

Question 29

What tariff contributed to the Great Depression? What agricultural thing contributed to the Great Depression?

Answer 29

1. Smoot-Harley Tariff raised on U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels which prompted retaliatory tariffs in other countries and reduced trade
2. Dust Bowl caused severe drought leading to severe dust storms that decimated agriculture in the American Midwest

Question 30

What two effects of the New Deal can be identified?

Answer 30

1. Banking Reforms - Securities and Exchange Commission established to regulate stock market and prevent abuses that contributed to the 1929 crash, Federal Deposit Insurance corporation to insure deposits
2. Labor Relations - National Labor Relations Act empowered labor unions and allowed collective bargaining for workers

Question 31

Two changes as a result of Progressive Era (two specific evidences for each)

Answer 31

1. Business Reforms - a) Sherman Antitrust Act in 190 which created laws against anti-competitive practices and reducing market domination by individual corporations, b) Clayton Antitrust Act of 1915 which enhanced antitrust laws and sought to prevent price discrimination, ban corporate mergers/acquisitions, and protect labor
2. Environmental Conservation under Teddy - a) Establishment of national parks like Yellowstone National Park, b) Expansion for national forests, he added approximately 150 national forests

Question 32

Policy of containment

Answer 32

Needed to curtail expansion of Soviet influence globally by both military, political, and economic measures

Demonstrated through the creation of NATO, an participation in Korean/Vietnam War

Question 33

Marshall Plan

Answer 33

Plan to provide massive economic aid to war torn Western European countries and revive their economy

Question 34

Truman Doctrine

Answer 34

Formal declaration of U.S.L commitment to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War

Question 35

What voting rights act prohibits racial discrimination in voting and provides protections to ensure all eligible citizens can vote?

Answer 35

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Question 36

24th Amendment

Answer 36

Prohibits the use of poll taxes in federal elections

Question 37

The Great Society

Answer 37

Nixon’s policies which helped eliminate poverty/racial injustice

Question 38

Describe the Progressive Era

Answer 38

The Progressive Era (1896–1917) was a period in the United States during the early 20th century of widespread social activism and political reform across the country that focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste, and inefficiency.