General Flashcards
Provide specific example of laissez faire economic policy that promoted big business during the Gilded Age
The Morrill Tariff of 1861 protected American industries from foreign competition and encouraged domestic production + big businesses
What technological innovations helped big business in the 19th century?
The development of the Bessemer process which revolutionized steel production by reducing costs and increasing production speed
What removal act was done by Jackson?
Indian Removal Act of 1830 which led to the Trail of Tears where thousands of Cherokee and other tribes were forcibly relocated
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869, it linked the eastern U.S. rail network with California, which dramatically reduced travel time and boosted commerce + settlement
What was a Gilded Age reform?
The establishment of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor which sought better wages, hours, and working conditions
What economic diversification occurred in the “New South”
The establishment of textile mills throughout the Piedmont region
What social adjustments occurred in the “New South”
Jim Crow Laws
Who did Vertical Integration and who did Horizontal Integration?
Vertical: Andrew Carnegie who took charge of the entire stage of the industrial process, from raw materials to distribution when it came to the steel industry
Horizontal: John D. Rockefeller, who consolidated many firms in the same businesses Standard Oil by acquiring other oil refineries and businesses involved in the same stage of production, which was refiing oil into usable products
Besides Removal Act, how else did Westward expansion displace Indians?
The near-extinction of the buffalo, a central resource for the Plains Indians, due to commercial hunting and as a way to subdue the tribes, devastated Native economies and ways of lice, forcing many to depend on government supplies and settlements
What technological innovations occurred during the First Industrial Revolution (late 18th to early 19th century)?
The steam engine, mechanized manufacturing processes primarily in textile production
What technological innovations occurred during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Electrical power generation and distribution, the internal combustion engine, as well as the automobile, airplane, and telephone
Explain the Missouri Compromise
Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in all remaining territories acquired from the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36, 30 latitude line
Temporarily eased tensions but geographic restriction on slavery set a precedent that increased regional tensions
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Proposed to facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad and encourage westward expansion by repealing the Missouri o promise and allowing territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide issue based on popular sovereignty
Led to violent confrontations in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers (Bleeding Kansas)
What was Jackson’s thing about tariffs
Nullification Crisis in 1832-1833 where South Carolina driven by complaints about unfavorable tariffs tried to nullify federal tariffs and threatened secession, Jackson threatened military force if it did not comply
Market Revolution technologies
Led to major changes in transportation through canals and railroads, the telegraph, and agriculture (mechanization such as cotton gin and steel plow)
What was the time of the Market Revolution?
Early to mid 19th centuries
Monroe Doctrine
Western hemisphere off-limits to further European colonization, secured U.S. sphere of influence in the Americas and asserted its political influence
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators
Smoot-Hawley tariff
Tariff on imported goods to help American economy
The first federal legislation to curtail monpolies
Sherman-Anti Trust Act in 1890 which ensured fair competition and prevented anti-competitive practices
What were the three key aspects of Teddy’s Square Deal aimed at helping middle class citizens?
Conservation of Natural Resources
Control of Corporations
Consumer Protection
19th Amendment
The right to vote
What were two causes of American entry into World War I?
- Unrestricted submarine warfare from Germany (sinking of RMS Lusitania, killing many Americans in the process)
- Zimmerman Telegram
What were the effects of American entry into World War I?
Industrial boom (such as steel, chemicals, and textiles), labor shortages led to AAs and women filling up labor practices (Great Migration from south to North)
War Industries Board established to coordinate the production of war materials
Espionage/Sedition Act
Made it illegal to interfere with military operations or speak against the war effort, severe restriction on freedom of speech
The Roaring 20s
Characterized by booming economy (widespread adoption of new technologies like automobiles, radios, and household appliances), Jazz Age, liberal attitudes towards dating and sexuality, Harlem Renaissance
Explain how roaring 20s led to the great depression
The Roaring Twneties saw a boom in consumer credit usage leading to high levels of personal debt that were unsustainable, gross overvaluing of the stock market
Agricultural Adjustment Act + Federal Emergency Relif Act
New Deal - FDR
AAA - Designed to reduce crop surplus
FERA - aimed to providing direct relief to the unemployed and impoverished
What tariff contributed to the Great Depression? What agricultural thing contributed to the Great Depression?
- Smoot-Harley Tariff raised on U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels which prompted retaliatory tariffs in other countries and reduced trade
- Dust Bowl caused severe drought leading to severe dust storms that decimated agriculture in the American Midwest
What two effects of the New Deal can be identified?
- Banking Reforms - Securities and Exchange Commission established to regulate stock market and prevent abuses that contributed to the 1929 crash, Federal Deposit Insurance corporation to insure deposits
- Labor Relations - National Labor Relations Act empowered labor unions and allowed collective bargaining for workers
Two changes as a result of Progressive Era (two specific evidences for each)
- Business Reforms - a) Sherman Antitrust Act in 190 which created laws against anti-competitive practices and reducing market domination by individual corporations, b) Clayton Antitrust Act of 1915 which enhanced antitrust laws and sought to prevent price discrimination, ban corporate mergers/acquisitions, and protect labor
- Environmental Conservation under Teddy - a) Establishment of national parks like Yellowstone National Park, b) Expansion for national forests, he added approximately 150 national forests
Policy of containment
Needed to curtail expansion of Soviet influence globally by both military, political, and economic measures
Demonstrated through the creation of NATO, an participation in Korean/Vietnam War
Marshall Plan
Plan to provide massive economic aid to war torn Western European countries and revive their economy
Truman Doctrine
Formal declaration of U.S.L commitment to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War
What voting rights act prohibits racial discrimination in voting and provides protections to ensure all eligible citizens can vote?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
24th Amendment
Prohibits the use of poll taxes in federal elections
The Great Society
Nixon’s policies which helped eliminate poverty/racial injustice
Describe the Progressive Era
The Progressive Era (1896–1917) was a period in the United States during the early 20th century of widespread social activism and political reform across the country that focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste, and inefficiency.
