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Chemistry IGCSE > general > Flashcards

general Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the simple for ammonium ion

A

NH4 +

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2
Q

what is the simple for hydroxide ion

A

OH -

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3
Q

what is the simple for nitrate ion

A

NO3 -

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4
Q

what is the simple for carbonate ion

A

CO3 2-

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5
Q

what is the simple for sulfate ion

A

SO4 2-

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6
Q

what is the simple for sulfide ion

A

SO3 2-

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7
Q

what is the simple for nitric acid

A

HNO3 -

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8
Q

what is the bond between a metal and a non-metal +info

A

ionic binds
- strong forces between them
- regular lattice

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9
Q

what is the bond between a non-metal and a non-metal +info

A

covalent bonds
- not charged
- forces of attraction between them are weal

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10
Q

properties of ionic compound

A
  1. high melting and boiling point
  2. soluble in water
  3. conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water -free ions
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11
Q

properties of covalent compound

A
  1. low melting and boiling point - weak intermolecular forces
  2. insoluble in water
  3. don’t conduct electricity -no charged particles
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12
Q

name three giant covalent compounds

A
  1. diamond = tetrahedron C
  2. graphite = weak bonds, soft slippery C conduct electricity
  3. silicon dioxide = Si O hard, doesn’t corrode
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13
Q

what is the test for ammonia

A

damp red litmus paper turns blue

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14
Q

what is the test for carbon dioxide

A

bubbles of gas through limestone, turn cloudy

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15
Q

what is the test for chlorine

A

damp litmus indicator paper is bleached

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16
Q

what is the test for hydrogen

A

lit splint makes squeaky pop sound

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17
Q

what is the test for oxygen

A

glowing splint relights

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18
Q

what is the test for sulphur dioxide

A

filter paper with potassium permanganate turns from purple to colourless

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19
Q

what are the flame tests

A

potassium = lilac
sodium = yellow
lithium = red
copper II = blue-green
calcium = orange
barium = light green

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20
Q

cations and anions (charges)

A

cations = positive
anions = negative

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21
Q

cathode and anode

A

cathode = negative
anode = positive

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22
Q

acid results

A

blue litmus paper- red
methyl orange- red
thymophalein- colourless

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23
Q

bases results

A

blue litmus paper- blue
methyl orange- yellow
thymophalein- blue

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24
Q

acids and bases are proton…

A

acids = proton donors
bases = proton acceptors

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25
Q

metal + acid

A

salt+ hydrogen

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26
Q

metal + base

A

salt + water

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27
Q

metal + carbonate

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

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28
Q

what happens to a strong vs weak acid +examples

A
  • strong acids fully dissociate eg. hydrochloric acid
  • weak acids partially dissociate eg. ethanoic acid
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29
Q

what is the net ionic reaction of neutralisation

A

H+ + OH- >H2O

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30
Q

basic oxides

A

(metal + oxygen) + acid >salt + water

31
Q

acidic oxides

A

(non-metal + oxygen) + bases > salt + water

32
Q

neutral oxides

A

don’t react with neither

33
Q

amphoteric oxides

A

react with both acid and bases > salt + water

34
Q

what is water of crystallisation

A

the water molecules present in the structure of hydrated crystals

35
Q

OILRIG

A
  • oxidation is the lose of electrons
  • reduction is the gain of electrons
36
Q

metal + water

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

37
Q

metal + water (steam)

A

metal oxide + hydrogen

38
Q

metal + acid

A

salt + hydrogen

39
Q

metal + oxygen

A

metal oxide

40
Q

rusting equation

A

iron + water + oxygen > hydrated iron (III) oxide

41
Q

name two ores

A
  • hematite = iron (III) oxide
  • bauxite = aluminium oxide
42
Q

extraction of iron

A
  1. coke burns and produces carbon dioxide, which is an exothermic reaction and heats the furnace
  2. coke reacts with carbon dioxide and forms carbon monoxide -reduction
  3. carbon monoxide reduces iron (III) oxide to iron
  4. calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to calcium oxide
  5. calcium oxide and silicon dioxide (impurity) form calcium silicate
43
Q

stainless steel

A

70% iron
20% chromium
10% nickel

44
Q

brass

A

70% copper
30% zinc

45
Q

bronze

A

95% copper
5% tin

46
Q

mild steel

A

99.7% iron
0.3% carbon

47
Q

in solution what is produced at each electrode

A

cathode = metal or oxygen
anode =halide or oxygen

48
Q

extracting aluminium from bauxite

A
  1. purify ore into pure aluminium or alumina Al2O3
  2. dissolve in molten cryolite, to reduce mpt and improve conductivity
  3. electrolysis using carbon electrodes at 950 C
    -cathode = molten aluminium
    -anode = oxygen gas -attacks carbon and produces CO2
49
Q

the homologous series

A
  • alkanes CnH2n+2
  • alkenes CnH2n
  • alcohols CnH2n+1OH
  • carboxylic acid CnH2nO2
50
Q

saturated and unsaturated

A

saturated > unreactive C-C
unsaturated > reactive C=C

51
Q

methane + oxygen

A

carbon dioxide + water

52
Q

methane + chlorine
( photochemical)

A

chloromethane + hydrogen chloride
under the presence of UV light

53
Q

what catalyst is used in catalytic cracking

A

zeolite

54
Q

ethene + hydrogen

A

ethane (nickel calalyst)

55
Q

ethene + water (steam)

A

ethanol (phosphoric acid catalyst)

56
Q

ethanol + oxygen

A

carbon dioxide + water

57
Q

reactivity series

A

potassium
sodium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
carbon
zinc
iron
hydrogen
coper
silver
gold

58
Q

production of ethanol

A
  1. cracking petroleum
  2. react with steam
    - addition reaction
    - 300 C
    - 60-70 atm
    - phosphorus catalyst
  3. fermentation ( simple sugars converted into ethanol using yeast)
    - 30 C
    - no oxygen (then ethanoic acid)
59
Q

production of ethanoic acid

A
  1. chemical way: oxidising alcohol
    - acidified potassium manganate (VII)
  2. biological way: adding oxygen
60
Q

ester

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid -COO
eg. ethanol+ ethanoic acid (acid catalyst) > ethyl ethanoate + water

61
Q

difference between addition and condensation polymerisation

A

A: one product
C: polymer + small molecule

62
Q

polyamides +eg

A

dicarboxylic acid + diamide
amide linkage
eg. nylon

63
Q

polyester +eg

A

dicarboxylic acid + diol
ester linkage
eg. PET

64
Q

what is the reverse of polymerisation

A

hydrolysis

65
Q

exothermic and endothermic

A

exothermic = give out heat (-)
endothermic = takes in heat (+)

66
Q

the Haber process

A

ammonia

  1. nitrogen from air and hydrogen from methane are mixed
  2. flow through converter with beds of iron catalyst at 450C
  3. temp cools as ammonia condenses the unused gases are recycled

N2 + 3H2 <> 2NH3

67
Q

the Contact process

A

sulfuric acid

  1. sulfur burned in air makes sulfur dioxide
  2. sulfur dioxide oxidised with vanadium (V) oxide to make sulfur trioxide at 450C and 2 atm
  3. sulfur trioxide and water make sulfuric acid

SO3 + H20 > H2SO4 (aq)

68
Q

equation for volume of gases

A

volume (dm3) = moles x 24

volume(cm3) = moles x 24000

69
Q

what is one mole

A

6.02x10^23

70
Q

equation for mass of element

A

mass (g) = moles (mol) x molar mass (g/mol)

71
Q

equation for number of molecules

A

molecules = moles x 6.02x10^23

72
Q

equation for concentration of element

A

concentration (g/dm3) = mass (g)/ volume (dm3)

73
Q

dm3 > cm3

A

1dm3 = 1000cm3

Chemistry IGCSE (4 decks)

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