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general Flashcards

1
Q

what is the simple for ammonium ion

A

NH4 +

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2
Q

what is the simple for hydroxide ion

A

OH -

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3
Q

what is the simple for nitrate ion

A

NO3 -

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4
Q

what is the simple for carbonate ion

A

CO3 2-

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5
Q

what is the simple for sulfate ion

A

SO4 2-

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6
Q

what is the simple for sulfide ion

A

SO3 2-

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7
Q

what is the simple for nitric acid

A

HNO3 -

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8
Q

what is the bond between a metal and a non-metal +info

A

ionic binds
- strong forces between them
- regular lattice

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9
Q

what is the bond between a non-metal and a non-metal +info

A

covalent bonds
- not charged
- forces of attraction between them are weal

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10
Q

properties of ionic compound

A
  1. high melting and boiling point
  2. soluble in water
  3. conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water -free ions
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11
Q

properties of covalent compound

A
  1. low melting and boiling point - weak intermolecular forces
  2. insoluble in water
  3. don’t conduct electricity -no charged particles
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12
Q

name three giant covalent compounds

A
  1. diamond = tetrahedron C
  2. graphite = weak bonds, soft slippery C conduct electricity
  3. silicon dioxide = Si O hard, doesn’t corrode
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13
Q

what is the test for ammonia

A

damp red litmus paper turns blue

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14
Q

what is the test for carbon dioxide

A

bubbles of gas through limestone, turn cloudy

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15
Q

what is the test for chlorine

A

damp litmus indicator paper is bleached

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16
Q

what is the test for hydrogen

A

lit splint makes squeaky pop sound

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17
Q

what is the test for oxygen

A

glowing splint relights

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18
Q

what is the test for sulphur dioxide

A

filter paper with potassium permanganate turns from purple to colourless

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19
Q

what are the flame tests

A

potassium = lilac
sodium = yellow
lithium = red
copper II = blue-green
calcium = orange
barium = light green

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20
Q

cations and anions (charges)

A

cations = positive
anions = negative

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21
Q

cathode and anode

A

cathode = negative
anode = positive

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22
Q

acid results

A

blue litmus paper- red
methyl orange- red
thymophalein- colourless

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23
Q

bases results

A

blue litmus paper- blue
methyl orange- yellow
thymophalein- blue

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24
Q

acids and bases are proton…

A

acids = proton donors
bases = proton acceptors

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25
metal + acid
salt+ hydrogen
26
metal + base
salt + water
27
metal + carbonate
salt + water + carbon dioxide
28
what happens to a strong vs weak acid +examples
- strong acids fully dissociate eg. hydrochloric acid - weak acids partially dissociate eg. ethanoic acid
29
what is the net ionic reaction of neutralisation
H+ + OH- >H2O
30
basic oxides
(metal + oxygen) + acid >salt + water
31
acidic oxides
(non-metal + oxygen) + bases > salt + water
32
neutral oxides
don't react with neither
33
amphoteric oxides
react with both acid and bases > salt + water
34
what is water of crystallisation
the water molecules present in the structure of hydrated crystals
35
OILRIG
- oxidation is the lose of electrons - reduction is the gain of electrons
36
metal + water
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
37
metal + water (steam)
metal oxide + hydrogen
38
metal + acid
salt + hydrogen
39
metal + oxygen
metal oxide
40
rusting equation
iron + water + oxygen > hydrated iron (III) oxide
41
name two ores
- hematite = iron (III) oxide - bauxite = aluminium oxide
42
extraction of iron
1. coke burns and produces carbon dioxide, which is an exothermic reaction and heats the furnace 2. coke reacts with carbon dioxide and forms carbon monoxide -reduction 3. carbon monoxide reduces iron (III) oxide to iron 4. calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to calcium oxide 5. calcium oxide and silicon dioxide (impurity) form calcium silicate
43
stainless steel
70% iron 20% chromium 10% nickel
44
brass
70% copper 30% zinc
45
bronze
95% copper 5% tin
46
mild steel
99.7% iron 0.3% carbon
47
in solution what is produced at each electrode
cathode = metal or oxygen anode =halide or oxygen
48
extracting aluminium from bauxite
1. purify ore into pure aluminium or alumina Al2O3 2. dissolve in molten cryolite, to reduce mpt and improve conductivity 3. electrolysis using carbon electrodes at 950 C -cathode = molten aluminium -anode = oxygen gas -attacks carbon and produces CO2
49
the homologous series
- alkanes CnH2n+2 - alkenes CnH2n - alcohols CnH2n+1OH - carboxylic acid CnH2nO2
50
saturated and unsaturated
saturated > unreactive C-C unsaturated > reactive C=C
51
methane + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
52
methane + chlorine ( photochemical)
chloromethane + hydrogen chloride under the presence of UV light
53
what catalyst is used in catalytic cracking
zeolite
54
ethene + hydrogen
ethane (nickel calalyst)
55
ethene + water (steam)
ethanol (phosphoric acid catalyst)
56
ethanol + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
57
reactivity series
potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium carbon zinc iron hydrogen coper silver gold
58
production of ethanol
1. cracking petroleum 2. react with steam - addition reaction - 300 C - 60-70 atm - phosphorus catalyst 3. fermentation ( simple sugars converted into ethanol using yeast) - 30 C - no oxygen (then ethanoic acid)
59
production of ethanoic acid
1. chemical way: oxidising alcohol - acidified potassium manganate (VII) 2. biological way: adding oxygen
60
ester
alcohol + carboxylic acid -COO eg. ethanol+ ethanoic acid (acid catalyst) > ethyl ethanoate + water
61
difference between addition and condensation polymerisation
A: one product C: polymer + small molecule
62
polyamides +eg
dicarboxylic acid + diamide amide linkage eg. nylon
63
polyester +eg
dicarboxylic acid + diol ester linkage eg. PET
64
what is the reverse of polymerisation
hydrolysis
65
exothermic and endothermic
exothermic = give out heat (-) endothermic = takes in heat (+)
66
the Haber process
ammonia 1. nitrogen from air and hydrogen from methane are mixed 2. flow through converter with beds of iron catalyst at 450C 3. temp cools as ammonia condenses the unused gases are recycled N2 + 3H2 <> 2NH3
67
the Contact process
sulfuric acid 1. sulfur burned in air makes sulfur dioxide 2. sulfur dioxide oxidised with vanadium (V) oxide to make sulfur trioxide at 450C and 2 atm 3. sulfur trioxide and water make sulfuric acid SO3 + H20 > H2SO4 (aq)
68
equation for volume of gases
volume (dm3) = moles x 24 volume(cm3) = moles x 24000
69
what is one mole
6.02x10^23
70
equation for mass of element
mass (g) = moles (mol) x molar mass (g/mol)
71
equation for number of molecules
molecules = moles x 6.02x10^23
72
equation for concentration of element
concentration (g/dm3) = mass (g)/ volume (dm3)
73
dm3 > cm3
1dm3 = 1000cm3

Chemistry IGCSE (4 decks)

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