General

Question 1

Public health def

Answer 1

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society

Question 2

Health def

Answer 2

Health is not only the absence of disease but includes well-being at physical, mental, spiritual and social levels
It can be determined by:
-Personal factors: age, gender, genetics
-Lifestyle factors: education, living and working conditions, healthcare, water and sanitation

Question 3

fundamental characteristics of public health

Answer 3

• Practical application: combines theory and practice (knowledge –> action)
• Relation to the population: connection between the systems, politics and organizational level for a joint societal responsibility
• Multi- and interdisciplinary: a large number of disciplines work together to apply a wide variety of methods

Question 4

Tarpare model

Answer 4

Donovan, Egger and Frances (1999)

The model is used to define target groups in health to prepare and intervention to promote health or prevent disease
- T: total number of persons
- AR: the proportion of at risk persons in the group
- P: the persuability of the group (how easy is it to get people to do something)
- A: the accessibility of the group
- R: resources required to meet the needs of the group
- E: equity, social justice considerations

Question 5

defining moments in public health

Answer 5

Black death (mid 14th century)
- Start of counting and collecting the dead  first attempt at a statics system

Concerns about health of workers (19th century)
- Policies and programs were started to address disparities (sanitation, housing, garbage disposal etc.)

Monumental improvements of disease control (early 20th century)
- Theories about disease transmission and antibiotics
- New methods on treating and preventing disease (quarantine, sanitation etc.)

Communicable and non-communicable diseases (20th century)
- Infectious disease became less influential, nutritional diseases became a priority
- Focus on maternal and child health

Emergence of chronic diseases (mid/late 20th century)
- More than 6-% of deaths worldwide are due to chronic disease (heart disease, cancer, mental disorders, diabetes etc.)

Question 6

5 pillars of public health

Answer 6

• epidemiology and disease control
• environmental health
• health promotion and education
• health administration and policy
• biostatistics

Question 7

epidemiology and disease control def

Answer 7

the study of distribution and determinants of disease in populations
- relies on statistics

Question 8

environmental health def

Answer 8

physical, biological and cultural influences that lie outside the host organism

Question 9

health promotion and education def

Answer 9

promote health to reduce disparities and achieve social justice

Question 10

health administration and policy def

Answer 10

focussen on the delivery of public health services
budgeting, policy development, planning, prioritization, communication

Question 11

biostatistics def

Answer 11

provides quantitative methods to analyze data so that study results can be translated into action

Question 12

Three-tiered structure of collaboration among disciplines (Rosenfield, 1992)

Answer 12

• multidisciplinary
• interdisciplinary
• transdisciplinary

Question 13

multidisciplinary def

Answer 13

parallel or sequentially work of researchers form different disciplines to address a common problem

Question 14

interdisciplinary def

Answer 14

researchers from different disciplines work together but still form a disciplinary-specific base

Question 15

transdisciplinary

Answer 15

researchers from different disciplines work together and use a shared framework to draw together discipline-specific theories

Question 16

reference disciplines that worked on COVID-19

Answer 16

• Biomedical/clinical science
• Health science
• Human society
• Information and computing science
• Commerce, management and tourism
• Education
• Psychology
• Etc.