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Epi > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections

A

True

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2
Q

Arthropod borne infections are direct infections

A

False

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3
Q

Arthropod born infections are indirect infections

A

True

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4
Q

Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections

A

True

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5
Q

Venereal infections is a direct infection

A

True

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6
Q

Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic

A

False

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7
Q

In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the host

A

True

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8
Q

Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection

A

False

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9
Q

In the case of iatrogenic infection the agent is transmitted by humans

A

True

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10
Q

Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water

A

False

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11
Q

If the arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal

A

False

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12
Q

The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal

A

True

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13
Q

The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates in the pathogen

A

True

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14
Q

The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance

A

False

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15
Q

Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than mammals

A

True

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16
Q

Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals

A

False

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17
Q

Germinative infection is seen in mammals

A

True

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18
Q

New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to colostral antibodies

A

False

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19
Q

Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during the pregnancy from the dam

A

True

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20
Q

Vertical infection does not occur in mammals

A

False

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21
Q

Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the foetueses

A

False

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22
Q

Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the antibodies in the colostrum prevent it

A

False

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23
Q

In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect eachother

A

True

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24
Q

Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections

A

False

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25
Q

If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection

A

False

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26
Q

Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals

A

False

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27
Q

In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk

A

True

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28
Q

In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the same age

A

True

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29
Q

In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy

A

False

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30
Q

Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection

A

False

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31
Q

In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk

A

False

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32
Q

In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections

A

False

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33
Q

If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses

A

False

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34
Q

Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission

A

True

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35
Q

In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source

A

True

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36
Q

In the case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen

A

True

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37
Q

In the case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal

A

False

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38
Q

In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously

A

False

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39
Q

In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus

A

False

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40
Q

Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors

A

True

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41
Q

Stenoxen agents have a wide host range

A

False

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42
Q

Euryxen agents have a wide host range

A

True

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43
Q

An euryxen agent can infect several host species

A

True

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44
Q

There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can replicate in the host

A

False

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45
Q

Mutations generally result in decrease of the virulence

A

True

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46
Q

Immunogenicity of the different agents is different

A

True

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47
Q

There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals

A

True

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48
Q

A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection

A

True

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49
Q

Virulence of an agent can be characterised with its LD50 value

A

True

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50
Q

Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease

A

True

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51
Q

Virulence means the level of pathogenicity

A

True

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52
Q

The amount of agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can replicate in the host

A

False

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53
Q

In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease

A

True

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54
Q

The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors

A

True

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55
Q

Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent

A

False

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56
Q

The way of infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome

A

True

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57
Q

Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously

A

True

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58
Q

In case of secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection

A

True

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59
Q

Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed

A

True

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60
Q

The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease

A

True

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61
Q

Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species

A

True

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62
Q

Pathogenic variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species

A

True

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63
Q

Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents

A

False

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64
Q

Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur

A

False

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65
Q

Foetuses can have active immune response

A

True

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66
Q

Newborn animals have local immune response

A

True

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67
Q

Foetuses do not have immune reactions

A

False

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68
Q

Fetuses have no active immune response

A

False

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69
Q

The skin, mm and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance system of the host

A

True

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70
Q

The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without it

A

False

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71
Q

Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals

A

False

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72
Q

The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent

A

False

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73
Q

Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age

A

True

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74
Q

Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts

A

True

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75
Q

Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts

A

True

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76
Q

Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant host species

A

True

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77
Q

Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have a species specific resistance

A

True

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78
Q

Certain animal species are resistant to certain agents

A

True

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79
Q

Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response

A

True

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80
Q

Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases

A

True

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81
Q

Gastric juice protect the host from infections

A

True

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82
Q

From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen

A

False

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83
Q

There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth

A

False

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84
Q

Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases

A

True

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85
Q

Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes

A

True

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86
Q

The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections

A

True

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87
Q

In the case of local infection the site of entry and the lesions are at the same place

A

True

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88
Q

Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases

A

True

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89
Q

Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseases

A

True

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90
Q

Intra uterine infection can result in embryonic death in the case of some diseases

A

True

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91
Q

Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus

A

False

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92
Q

Fetuses cannot be infected since the placenta completely isolates them

A

False

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93
Q

The incubation time lasts from the infection till the manifestation of the clinical signs

A

True

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94
Q

Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect

A

True

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95
Q

Some agents can cause malformations in fetuses

A

True

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96
Q

Subacute diseases last one or 2 days

A

False

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97
Q

In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry

A

True

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98
Q

In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood

A

True

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99
Q

In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus

A

False

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100
Q

The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts

A

False

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101
Q

Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs

A

False

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102
Q

In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed

A

False

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103
Q

Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of the host

A

True

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104
Q

In the case of latent infections, the agents are continually shed

A

False

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105
Q

In latent infection, there is no virus shedding

A

True

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106
Q

Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections

A

False

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107
Q

The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it

A

False

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108
Q

Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction

A

False

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109
Q

Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections

A

True

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110
Q

Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections

A

False

111
Q

The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections

A

False

112
Q

Dead end hosts do not shed the agent

A

True

113
Q

Asymptomatic infections can become manifest

A

True

114
Q

Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection

A

True

115
Q

When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished

A

False

116
Q

In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen

A

True

117
Q

In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen

A

False

118
Q

Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent

A

True

119
Q

Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents

A

False

120
Q

In the case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen

A

True

121
Q

Latent infection is common in Gram-positive bacteria

A

False

122
Q

In the case of inapparent infections seropositivity can be seen

A

True

123
Q

Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations

A

False

124
Q

In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts

A

False

125
Q

In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent

A

True

126
Q

Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology

A

False

127
Q

Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology

A

True

128
Q

During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive

A

False

129
Q

In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen

A

False

130
Q

Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest

A

False

131
Q

Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from infectious disease

A

False

132
Q

Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd

A

True

133
Q

Mortality shows what proportion of diseased animals die

A

False

134
Q

Morbidity shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd

A

False

135
Q

Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones

A

True

136
Q

Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd

A

False

137
Q

Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the herd

A

False

138
Q

Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones

A

False

139
Q

Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease

A

True

140
Q

Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents

A

True

141
Q

Pandemic disease are spreading around the earth

A

True

142
Q

Endemic diseases occur in small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village

A

True

143
Q

Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread

A

False

144
Q

Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries

A

True

145
Q

Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock

A

False

146
Q

Haemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents

A

False

147
Q

Genome of agents is detected with PCR

A

True

148
Q

Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR

A

False

149
Q

Surface antigens of certain agents are detected by ELISA or PCR

A

False

150
Q

Infective agents can be detected 2-3 days after using serological tests

A

False

151
Q

Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus

A

False

152
Q

Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies

A

True

153
Q

MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis

A

True

154
Q

MATSA is a form of disease

A

False

155
Q

Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore

A

False

156
Q

If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent

A

False

157
Q

The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests

A

True

158
Q

Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent

A

True

159
Q

Using virus neutralisation test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent

A

True

160
Q

Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent

A

False

161
Q

Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis

A

True

162
Q

Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis

A

True

163
Q

Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases

A

False

164
Q

Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases

A

True

165
Q

Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases

A

True

166
Q

No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases

A

False

167
Q

Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU

A

False

168
Q

Antibiotics can be used for the aetiologic treatment in case of bacterial diseases

A

True

169
Q

All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment

A

False

170
Q

Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial complications

A

True

171
Q

Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary infections

A

True

172
Q

Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by bacteria

A

True

173
Q

Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of antibiotic resistance

A

False

174
Q

Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited

A

True

175
Q

Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased animals

A

True

176
Q

In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given

A

False

177
Q

Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs

A

False

178
Q

Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance

A

False

179
Q

There is no anti-viral therapy

A

False

180
Q

Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases

A

True

181
Q

Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable

A

True

182
Q

In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections

A

True

183
Q

In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs

A

False

184
Q

Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine

A

True

185
Q

Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk immunity

A

False

186
Q

All-in-all-out principle is a general epidemiological rule

A

True

187
Q

The immunoglobulin content in the colostrum is continously decreasing after farrowing

A

True

188
Q

Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response

A

True

189
Q

There is no maternal protection in birds

A

False

190
Q

Maternal protection occurs only in mammals

A

False

191
Q

Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with epitheliochorial placenta

A

True

192
Q

The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days

A

True

193
Q

The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks

A

False

194
Q

Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta

A

False

195
Q

Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum

A

True

196
Q

Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum

A

True

197
Q

The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam

A

True

198
Q

The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after calving

A

False

199
Q

Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not changing

A

False

200
Q

Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves

A

True

201
Q

The immunoglobulin content of colostrum is not changed in the first week after birth

A

False

202
Q

Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth

A

False

203
Q

Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunisation

A

True

204
Q

New-born animals cannot be infected from milk thanks to the colostral antibodies

A

False

205
Q

The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes

A

True

206
Q

The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth

A

False

207
Q

The immune globulin content remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth

A

False

208
Q

The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth

A

True

209
Q

Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination

A

True

210
Q

The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth

A

True

211
Q

The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth

A

False

212
Q

The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines

A

True

213
Q

Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum

A

True

214
Q

The endotheliochorial placenta prevents to transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus

A

False

215
Q

Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection

A

False

216
Q

Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains

A

True

217
Q

Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines

A

True

218
Q

The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination

A

True

219
Q

Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines

A

False

220
Q

Inactived vaccines contain inactived bacterial toxins

A

True

221
Q

The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination

A

False

222
Q

Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines

A

True

223
Q

Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines

A

True

224
Q

Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines

A

False

225
Q

In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be differentiated

A

True

226
Q

Inactived vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components

A

True

227
Q

The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born animals

A

False

228
Q

DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines

A

False

229
Q

According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated

A

True

230
Q

Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents

A

True

231
Q

Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains

A

True

232
Q

Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines

A

True

233
Q

For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used

A

False

234
Q

Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence

A

True

235
Q

Live vaccines always contain avirulent strains

A

False

236
Q

Live vaccines can contain attenuated strains

A

True

237
Q

Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones

A

False

238
Q

Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination

A

False

239
Q

It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU

A

False

240
Q

Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents

A

True

241
Q

The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated animals

A

True

242
Q

If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated

A

True

243
Q

Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated

A

True

244
Q

Use of marker vaccines can be combined with “test and remove” eradication

A

True

245
Q

The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low

A

False

246
Q

Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive

A

True

247
Q

Attenuated vaccines induced a quick immune response

A

True

248
Q

The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine

A

False

249
Q

Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used

A

True

250
Q

Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the herd

A

False

251
Q

Eradication using generation shift is mostly used in poultry

A

False

252
Q

Implantation of washed embryos from non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication

A

False

253
Q

Implantation of washed embryos from an infected dam into a non-infected one is a way of eradication

A

True

254
Q

Eradication using generation shift is mainly used in pig herds

A

False

255
Q

In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning of the eradication procedure

A

False

256
Q

Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination

A

True

257
Q

In the case of generation shift isolate at 1-3 days

A

True

258
Q

Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection

A

True

259
Q

When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd

A

True

260
Q

Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds

A

True

261
Q

Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method

A

False

262
Q

Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease

A

False

263
Q

Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradication of a disease

A

True

264
Q

Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious disease, when we remove infected animals

A

True

265
Q

Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected

A

False

266
Q

The selection method cannot be combined vaccination

A

False

267
Q

Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level infection

A

True

268
Q

There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment

A

True

269
Q

In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals

A

True

270
Q

In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated

A

True

271
Q

In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated

A

False

272
Q

In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used

A

False

273
Q

Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore

A

False

Epi (19 decks)

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