Gene To Protein

Question 1

Genotype vs phenotype

Answer 1

Genetic makeup of organism vs the
Observable physical traits of an organism

Question 2

Gene expression definition
Does this process differ between organisms?

Answer 2

Process by which DNA directs protein and RNA synthesis
Process is the same for all life

Question 3

Protein expression is broken down into

Answer 3

Transcription and translation
DNA to RNA to Protein

Question 4

In eukaryotes, RNA is transcribed in….in a _____ form
It leaves by

Answer 4

In the nucleus in a precursor form that must be processed into a mature RNA.
(MRNA is then created by RNA processing)
Leaves via nuclear pores to ribosome.

Question 5

Translation occurs at the ___ where a _____ is made

Answer 5

Ribosome where a polypeptide is made

Question 6

Codon

Answer 6

Set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA strand that are translated into an amino acid

Question 7

DNA template strand

Answer 7

Used to transcribe mRNA
Remains unchanged
Can be reused

Question 8

The amino acid sequence is encoded

Answer 8

In the DNA

Question 9

Transcription unit
Where’s the start point

Answer 9

Part of DNA/gene that is transcribed
Has a start point in the promoter

Question 10

Promoter is the region
Involved in?

Answer 10

Region of the gene involved in transcription initiation
Binds transcription factors & RNA polymerase
(Includes the start point)

Question 11

Transcription factors are …by…

Answer 11

Proteins that regulate initiation by binding to the promoter

Question 12

RNA polymerase reads

Answer 12

Involved in transcription
Reads DNA sequence to make RNA

Question 13

3 steps of transcription

Answer 13

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 14

Initiation 3 steps

Answer 14

Promoter recruits RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase unwinds DNA
RNA transcript is made between the two strands

Question 15

Elongation 3 steps

Answer 15

DNA is rewound as RNA polymerase moves down the strands.

Transcribed RNA strand grows in size and begins leaving the RNA polymerase

Question 16

Termination (transcription)

Answer 16

When terminator sequence is reached
RNA transcript is complete
RNA polymerase falls off.

Question 17

Tata box

Answer 17

Eukaryotic promoter that recruits transcription factors
Help recruit RNA polymerase and begin transcription

Question 18

RNA Proccessing
Required to
Protects ___ from
Helps..

Answer 18

Eukaryotes only
Required to leave the nucleus.
Protects mRNA from degrading in cytosol
Helps ribosome attach to 5’ end

Question 19

5’ Cap

Answer 19

A modified guanosine cap is added to the 5 prime end of mRNA

Question 20

Poly-A Tail

Answer 20

50-250 adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of mRNA

Question 21

UTR

Answer 21

Untranslated region
Part of mRNA that has no information for amino acids

Question 22

TR/protein coding segment
From __ to ___

Answer 22

Translated region
From start to stop codon

Question 23

Start codon
Codes for

Answer 23

Where transcription begins.
AUG
Codes for amino acid methionine

Question 24

Stop codon
Codes for?

Answer 24

Where transcription ends
3 different stop codons
do NOT encode for an amino acid, instead a release factor

Question 25

Within the translated region/protein coding segment, there are

Answer 25

Introns and exons

Question 26

Intron

Answer 26

Part of RNA that gets removed during RNA splicing

Question 27

Exons

Answer 27

Segment of RNA that tells ribosome the amino acid sequence of proteins. (Region that codes for proteins=not removed in RNA processing)

Question 28

RNA splicing Performed by ___, which is a ____

Answer 28

Introns are cut out and exons are spliced together Performed by spliceosome (a ribonucleoprotein)

Question 29

RNA splicing creates

Answer 29

Continuous codon segments for ribosomes to make proteins out of

Question 30

Domain

Answer 30

Region of protein that has a particular function

Question 31

Translation Going from What is being translated? Into what?

Answer 31

From mRNA to protein Translating information from RNA into information that can be used by ribosomes to make proteins

Question 32

tRNA Includes what 2 regions

Answer 32

Transfer RNA Includes 2 functional regions: Amino acid Attatchment site (where AA is covalently bonded to tRNA) Anticodon-matches up with codon

Question 33

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase What is it, what’s it do, where is it found

Answer 33

Enzyme Adds amino acid to tRNA using ATP Every amino acid has it

Question 34

Ribosome Where…. Includes what 3 sites in ___ subunit Includes ___ on ___ subunit

Answer 34

Where proteins are synthesized A, P and E sites in large subunit mRNA binding site on small subunit

Question 35

Translation initiation begins with

Answer 35

Small ribosome subunit binding to mRNA at the 5’ end & reading for the first start codon Initiator tRNA with the matching anticodon binds.

Question 36

How is the large ribosomal subunit attached and where does initiator tRNA go

Answer 36

Initiator tRNA binds in the P site(middle) GTP used to attach large subunit to small New tRNA enters A site. GTP energy used to transfer peptide chain to A site. GTP used to shift new tRNA to P site and remove used tRNA from E site.

Question 37

A

Answer 37

Access site Where tRNA comes into ribosome

Question 38

P

Answer 38

Where peptidyl-tRNA bond is (where the long chain is made

Question 39

E

Answer 39

Exit site where tRNA leaves after transferring amino acid chain

Question 40

Translation termination What is released And what is used

Answer 40

When the stop codon is reached Release factors enters A site Free polypeptide+tRNA are released 2 GTP used to separate ribosomal subunits

Question 41

How do ribosomes differentiate between cytosolic and membrane bound proteins

Answer 41

Information is encoded in the amino acid sequence of the protein being made

Question 42

Signal peptide

Answer 42

amino acids of protein that direct localization (Within the protein)

Question 43

SRP 6 steps

Answer 43

Signal recognition particle 1. Polypeptide synthesis begins 2. SRP binds to signal peptide 3. SRP binds to receptor protein 4. SRP detaches. Synthesis resumes in ER lumen. 5. Signal cleaving enzyme cuts off signal peptide. 6. Completed polypeptide folds

Question 44

2 kinds of DNA mutations

Answer 44

Point mutation- One nucleotide is replaced by another Insertion/Deletion mutation- Nucleotide(s) are added or deleted

Question 45

Silent point mutation

Answer 45

When the amino acid sequence remains unchanged

Question 46

Missense point mutation

Answer 46

When the amino acid sequence is changed by the replacement of 1 nucleotide

Question 47

Nonsense point mutation

Answer 47

Replacement introduces a premature stop codon

Question 48

Nonsense insertion/deletion

Answer 48

Takes nucleotides out of proper reading frame Often introduces pre mature stop codon

Question 49

Extensive missense insertion/deletion

Answer 49

Frame shift due to deletion/insertion causes extensive missense (change in amino acid sequence)

Question 50

Triplet insertion/deletion

Answer 50

3 nucleotides are deleted/inserted No frameshift 1 amino acid added/deleted